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REPORT 


ON AN 

Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains 
from Arkansas and Louisiana 

Y $■ 

(Made, and presented to the National Museum, in 1909, by Mr. Clarence B. Moore) 


BY 


DR. ALES HRDLICKA / c jlata 

<( 

In charge of the Division of Physical Anthropology, United States National Museum 


PHILADELPHIA : 



oKent } 

Camden N r_ 



,S- A $ 


H 


e 



ARK A^N S A S 

/ <; 2/*Mou^id L'dq. 

L 0 " s 


MAP OF LOWER PART OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER, 
ARKANSAS. 

Scale tnrrifles 


is ■ io 



MAP OF PART OF THE OUACHITA VALLEY AMD 
BLACK RIVER. 

Scaleimniles 


3o *rO So 


1909 








REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL REMAINS, FROM 

ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 

(Made, and presented to the National Museum, in 1909, by Mr. Clarence B. Moore.) 

By Dr. Ales Hrdlicka. 

In charge of the Division of Physical Anthropology, United States National Museum. 


I. 

The material to which this report applies consists of 58 crania, and of numer¬ 
ous bones from the same as well as from other skeletons. In all there are ninety- 
one lots, thirty-seven of which are from Arkansas, and fifty-four from Louisiana. 
Those from Arkansas come from a single burial place, while the bones from Louis¬ 
iana were gathered from seven different localities. Details concerning these places, 
the modes of burial, and the archaeology of the graves, are given in the preceding 
Memoir by Mr. Clarence B. Moore. The localities in which the skeletal remains 
were found are shown on the accompanying sketch map, which gives also those 
from which came the skeletal material described by the writer in Mr. Moore’s last 
year’s report 1 and to which frequent reference will be made in this paper. 

The skulls and bones show various states of preservation, but for the greater 
part they are more or less imperfect. None of the specimens is mineralized, or 
much devoid of animal matter. All, with one exception, are plainly Indian; the 
exception, a skull of a female about fifty years of age, with moderate “ flat-head ” 
deformation, is negroid. This skull, in all probability, is that of a negro-Indian 
mixed-blood, and will not receive further consideration. 

The majority of the crania, both from Arkansas and from Louisiana, exhibit 
artificial deformation. The deformation represents both of the two varieties, namely, 
occipital flattening or cradle-board compression, 2 and fronto-occipital flattening 
(“ flat-head ” deformation). The forms occur together in some of the localities, but 
owing to some insufficient method practised to produce the fronto-occipital flatten¬ 
ing, they are not always clearly distinguishable. Each variety of deformation pre¬ 
dominates in, but is not limited to, a certain type of people, indicating adoption of 
customs in this regard by some of the groups. 

As to anthropological identifications, there is, notwithstanding the compara¬ 
tively large number of specimens, little evidence on which conclusions can be based. 
The crania that had been artificially altered in form are to a large extent useless 

1 “ Report on a Collection of Crania from Arkansas.” Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, 
XIII, pp. 558-563. 

2 See writer’s article on “ Artificial Head Deformation,” Handbook of American Indians, Bull. 
30, Bureau of Amer. Ethnol.,Wash., 1907, Part 1, p. 96. 



174 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


for this purpose. Fortunately there are also skulls that exhibit only slight deforma¬ 
tion, and a small number of wholly normal ones. These indicate, for the region 
covered, two distinct types of Indians. 

The predominating type is that of the brachycephals, known partly from the 
previous report. These people, it appears from the material last collected, ranged 
in stature from moderate to well-developed, with good though not pronounced mus¬ 
cular development. They were probably the people among whom prevailed, and 
who communicated to their neighbors, the intentional fronto-occipital deformation. 

The other type, less well represented, indicates Indians of stature and strength 
similar to those of the people just mentioned, but with oblong, mesocephalic to doli¬ 
chocephalic skulls. They were, in all probability, remnants of a relatively large 
local strain of dolichocephals mixed with the more numerous round-headed people. 
They exhibit the occipital, cradle-board head-flattening, but they practised also 
fronto-occipital compression. The physical characteristics of these people, so far as 
they can yet be isolated, approach, on one hand, those of the more northerly tribes 
of Missouri, Illinois, and parts of Tennessee and Kentucky, and, on the other, those 
of more westerly and southwesterly tribes, represented in northern Texas and 
especially by the oblong-headed type among the Pueblo Indians. The prevalent 
occipital flattening of the skull would point likewise to a connection with the south¬ 
west and the northeast. However, no great weight can be placed on this latter 
feature alone, for it represents a custom which could be communicated from one 
tribe to another, rather than a fixed, organic, hereditary condition. 

In addition to the collections referred to, there were found, on examination of 
the older gatherings from Arkansas and Louisiana in the National Museum, a few 
crania which resemble very closely the sub-type of the eastern Algonquians. 

Barring the element last mentioned, the tribal mixture under consideration, in 
all its more important characteristics, is closely related to the people of Arkansas 
and Jefferson counties, Arkansas, whose skeletal remains Mr. Moore uncovered 
during his investigations of the year before. The short-headed type is doubtless 
identical in both series. 

Numerous long-bones and several of the skulls in Mr. Moore’s collection of 1909 
give manifest signs of a constitutional disease, seemingly syphilis. Other specimens 
from the collection, now partly in the National Museum and partly in the Army 
Medical Museum, show osteo-arthritis, marginal exostoses, and effects of fractures 
or dislocations ; there are two tibiae with abnormal curvature, and four bones with 
lesions indicating localized suppurative processes. However, notwithstanding the 
specimens last mentioned, there appear no definite signs of rickets or of tuberculosis, 
and no instance occurs of bone tumor or of necrosis of bone. 

On account of the varied character of the material, the detailed report which 
follows must necessarily deal with the specimens by localities only. It gives numer¬ 
ous results of measurements and observation, both interesting and important, which 
have not been touched upon in the preceding remarks and which show the value of 
Mr. Moore’s most recent collection. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


175 


Nevertheless, the data, even when supplemented with those bearing on the 
older collections in the National Museum, from this part of the country, fall far 
short of covering the territory of the two States, and allow but little perspective in 
point of time. They afford, however, a substantial step toward the elucidation of 
the anthropology of Arkansas and Louisiana, and should stimulate further careful 
collection of the skeletal remains of the aboriginal inhabitants of these regions. 

II. 

ARKANSAS. 

Mr. Moore’s collection from Arkansas in 1909 was made at Boytt’s Field, 
Union county, and comprises the list of specimens given below. 

Sexual recognition offers, as usual, some difficulties, but owing to the presence 
in many cases of long- and other bones, it is possible to carry the identification to 
within a very small margin of possible error. In age estimates, the uncertain 
“approximate age in years,” such as was employed in last year’s report, is replaced 
by references to defined periods of life, determinations of which are safe and scarcely 
less serviceable. 


Skulls and Bones from Arkansas. 


Locality 

Specimen 

Original No. 

Museum No. 

Sex 

Period of Life* 

Boytt’s Field, Union Co. 

Bones 

A 

255.133 

Female 

Adult 


“ 

“ 

,133a 

Male 

11 

4 < 

Skull and bones 

2 

.123 

“ 

Young adult 

< 4 

“ 

3 

.125 

“ 

Middle-age adult 

« 4 

Skull 

4 

.152 

“ 

“ 

i t 

Skull and bones , 

5 

.124 

“ 

“ 

( ( 

Skull 

6 

.144 

Female 

“ 

( ( 

Bones 

7 

.132 

Male 

Adult 

( f 

Skull and bones 

8 

.122 

Female 1 

Middle-age adult 

< ( 

“ 

10 

.121 

Male 

< ( 

Bones 

10 

,121a 


Adult 

4 4 

Skull 

11 

.130 

Female 

Young adult 

4 4 

Skull and bones 

12 

.143 

“ 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 

“ 

13 

.127 

Male 

Near adult 

4 4 

Bones 

14 

.139 

“ 

Adult 

4 4 

Skull and bones 

17 

.126 

‘ ‘ 

Young adult 

4 4 

“ 

18 

.129 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 

“ 

19 

.141 

Male I 

Aged adult 

( 4 

Bones 

20 

.134 


Adult 

< < 


21 

.138 


“ 

( 4 


21 

,138a 


“ 

4 4 

Skull and bones 1 

22 

.120 

Female 

Middle-age adult 


Bones 

23 

.131 

Male 

Adult 

i < 

Skull 

24 

.145 


Middle-age adult 

4 4 

Bones 

28 

.142 


Adult 

4 4 

“ 

32 

.140 

“ 

“ 


“ 

33 

.136 


“ 


“ 

34 

.135 


“ 


Skull 

36 

.151 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 

Skull and bones 

37 

.119 

Male (?) 

Young adult 

4 4 

Bones 

40 

.137 

Female 

Adult 


Skull 

41 

.147 

>< 

Middle-age adult 


“ 

43 

.149 

Male 

4 4 

Skull and bones 

52 

.128 

“ 

Young adult 


Skull 

53 

.146 

Female 

Middle-age adult 


“ 

54 

.150 

Male 

44 


55 

.148 

Female 

Aged adult 


* "Young adult” = 23-40 years of age : basilar suture closed ; eruption of permanent teeth finished ; wear of teeth slight to moderate ; 
no synostosis externally in the normal sutures of the cranial vault. 

"Middle-age adult” — 40-55 years of age: teeth worn off moderately to medium; various, generally minor, grades of synostosis 
externally in the sutures of the vault. „ . . 

"Aged adult” = exceeding 55 years of age : teeth worn off considerably; synostoses in sutures advanced or complete. 



















176 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


As seen from the table, the specimens represent 24 male and 12 female full- 
grown individuals. The predominance of males may be accidental. 

Of crania, 13 males and 10 females are represented. Among the male skulls, 
3 are normal, 6 show slight to pronounced occipital and 4 slight to considerable 
fronto-occipital flattening; while among the females 3 also are normal, 2 show 
occipital flattening, and 5 fronto-occipital compression. Additional details regard¬ 
ing the deformations will be found in the first table of measurements. 

Five of the crania and numerous bones show indications of syphilis, arthritis, 
or other pathological conditions; an itemized account of these forms is given in a 
succeeding chapter. 

There are only a few anomalies of a more important nature, even if the teeth 
and dentition are included in the consideration. In male skull No. 255.119 the 
basilar process shows on the right side a pronounced lateral fissure to within 0.8 
cm. of the median line. In male skull No. 225.124 the right nasal bone, triangular 
in shape, reaches only a little above the middle of that on the left, its absence 


Crania from Arkansas—Measurements Relating to Form 
Males 


Museum 

No. 

Deformation 

Diameter 
anteroposte¬ 
rior maximum 

Diameter 

lateral 

maximum 

Basion- 

bregma height 

Cephalic 

index 

Height-length 

index 

Height-breadth 

index 



cm. 

cm. 

cm. 




255.119 


16.7 

14.7 

14.1 

88.0 

84.4 

95.9 

.126 


17.6 

14.8 

14.0 

84.1 

795 

94.6 

.149 

Considerable 

17.3 

14.3 

13.5 

82.7 

78.0 

94.4 

.121 

occipital compres¬ 

(15.7) 

(15.2) 

(13.7) 

? 







sion 







.123 

Moderate 

(16.9) 

(14.6) 

? 

(Probably 



occ. comp. 

mesocephal) 



.124 

Medium fronto- 

(16.4) 

(15.7) 

(14.3) 

? 



occ. comp. 

Slight occ. comp. 

Meso- or low 
brachyce- 
phal) 







.125 

(17.3) 

(14.2) 

(13.8) 




Traces of frontal 






.127 

with considerable 

(15.9) 

(15.4) 

(14.6) 

? 



occ. comp. 




.128 

Medium fronto- 

(16.2) 

(15.9) 

? 

? 



occ. comp. 





.141 

Moderate 

(17.6) 

(15.1) 

(14.8) 

(Nearly bra- 
chycephal) 



occ. comp. 



.145 

Pronounced 

(17.3) 

(15.7) 

? 

Probably 

mesocephal) 



occ. comp. 




.150 

Moderate lateral 

(17.7) 

(14.8) 

(14.3) 

Meso- or low 
brachyce- 
phal 



occ. comp. 



.152 

Pronounced 

(16.9) 

(16.1) 

(14.5) 

? 



fronto-occ. comp. 















































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


177 


farther up being compensated partly by the left nasal and partly by the nasal pro¬ 
cess of the right superior maxilla. In male skull No. 225.141 the glenoid fossae, 
especially the right, are unusually narrow antero-posteriorly. 

Dental and numerous other minor anomalies will be referred to later. 

In their anthropological characteristics the bones from Boytt’s Field do not 
show differences, either in proportions or in form, clearly enough to enable separation 
into more than one type. Yet the skulls are not homogeneous. All the normal 
crania, and a number of those the shape of which has been artificially altered, 
belong clearly to the brachycephalic type of people known already from the Menard 
and Greer cemeteries. A number of the deformed skulls, however, show distinctly 
that, were it not for the artificial shortening, they would have to be classed as 
mesocephalic or even as dolichocephalic. It is these-skulls which remind one so 
forcibly of the cranial type known from some of the Pueblos. In the further treat¬ 
ment of the material it would be desirable to separate these skulls and the related 
bones from the crania and hones of the brachycephals; but, as the identification of 
these specimens, and particularly of the bones from the skeletons where no skull is 
present, is uncertain, and as there are probably also present intermediate forms due 
to admixture, such separation is not practicable. 

Measurements .—The data obtained by measuring the skulls have been sepa¬ 
rated, as in last year’s report, into several convenient groups. The tables (pp. 176, 
177) present those that relate more directly to the form of the skull. 


Crania from Arkansas—Measurements Relating to Form 
Females 


Museum 

No. 

Deformation 

Diameter 
antero-poste- 
rior maximum 

Diameter 

lateral 

maximum 

Basion- 
bregma height 

Cephalic 

index 

Height-length 

index 

Height-breadth 

index 



cm. 

cm. 

cm. 




255.120 


16.7 

13.9 

? (fair) 

83.2 

? 

? 

.143 


16.8 

13.8 

13.6 

83.1 

80.9 

98.5 

.148 


17.0 

14.4 

13.6 

84.7 

80.0 

94.4 

.122 

Moderate fronto- 

(16.3) 

(15.0) 

? 

? 



occ. comp. 





.129 

Moderate 

(16.6) 

(about 14.3) 

(about 14.5) 

(Meso- or 
dolichoce- 



occ. comp. 

phal) 



.130 

Slight frontal 
with, moderate 

(15.8) 

(14.6) 

(13.6) 

? 



occ. comp. 





Slight frontal 







.144 

with pronounced 

(15.4) 

(15.3) 

(13.6) 

? 







occ. comp. 







.146 

Slight fronto- 

(16.1) 

(14.6) 

? 

(Probably 

brachyce- 

phal) 



occ. comp. 




.147 

Slight fronto- 

(16.9) 

(14.7) 

(12.7) 

? 



occ. comp. 




.151 

Slight occ. comp. 

(16.6) 

(14.7) 

? 

? 








23 JOURN. A. N. S. PHIL A., VOL. XIV. 


































178 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


The non-deformed skulls, it is seen, besides being rounded, are all relatively 
high, in which respect they further resemble those from Arkansas and Jefferson 
counties, described in last year’s report; and there can be no doubt that they belong 
to the same general group of people. From additional material in the National 
Museum, it appears that the same type prevailed also in Drew and Mississippi 
counties, Arkansas. 

The deformed specimens show varying grades of compensation in breadth and 
height for the artificially diminished length, the skull acting under the process 
much like an elastic bag filled with liquid. The several deformed crania which 
permit the discernment of a more oblong type represent doubtless a mixture of the 
above, dominant, with a strong additional tribal element. Similar oblong heads 
occur also in parts of Drew and Mississippi counties. Furthermore, from Pecan 
Point, and from near Bardstone, in the latter county, there are extant individual 
non-deformed skulls, of an unknown period, presenting the type of the eastern and 
southeastern Algonquian crania. 

Size .—The principal dimensions of the crania from Boytt’s Field agree fairly 
well with those observed in the skulls from the Menard and Greer cemeteries, but 


Measurements of the Arkansas Crania Relative to Their Size. 









Thickness of 

Museum 

Sex 



Cranial 

Circumference 

Nasion- 

left parietal 

No. 

Deformity 

Capacity* 

module (mean 
diameter) 

(above supra¬ 
orbital ridges) 

opisthion arc 

(above squa¬ 
mous suture) 




c.c. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

mm. 

255.119 

Male 

None 

1475 

15.17 

50.1 

35.0 

4-6 

.126 


“ 

? (fair) 

15.47 

50.9 

35.0 

5 

.149 

< ( 

“ 

? (submedium) 

15.03 

49.0 

35.0 

4-6 

.121 

< ( 

Occipital flattening 

1310 

14.87 

48.5 

? 

4-6 

.123 

( ( 

? (medium) 

? 

49.1 

36.2 

4-6 

.124 

( < 

Fronto-occ. flattening 

1480 

15.37 

49.3 

34.1 

4-6 

.125 

( < 

Occipital flattening 

1315 

15.10 

49.3 

35.7 

4-6 

.127 


Fronto-occ. flattening 

1455 

15.30 

48.0 

34.4 

4-6 

.128 


? (fair) 

? 

49.3 

? 

4-6 

.141 


Occipital flattening 

1670 

15.83 

52.7 

37.3 

5-6 

.145 


? (medium) 

? 

52.3 

? 

4-6 

.150 

t i 

“ “ 

1470 

15.60 

50.1 

35.5 

5-7 

.152 

( ( 

Fronto-occ. flattening 

? (fair) 

15.83 

51.3 

34.3 

5-7 

.120 

Female 

None 

? (medium) 

? 

47.5 

33.3 

4-6 

.143 


“ 

14.73 

47.7 

35.0 

5-7 

.148 

( < 

“ 

? (fair) 

15.00 

49.6 

35.1 

4-6 

.122 

< i 

Fronto-occ. flattening 

? (medium) 

? 

48.2 

32.7 

5 

.129 

( ( 

Occipital flattening 

15.13 

49.0 

35.2 

5-7 

.130 

< < 

Fronto-occ. flattening 

“ 

14.67 

47.7 

34.0 

4-6 

.144 

< ( 


14.77 

48.3 

? 

5-7 

.146 

( < 

“ “ 


? 

48.5 

? 

4-6 

.147 

( < 

“ “ 

‘ ‘ 

14.77 

49.5 

34.2 

4-6 

.151 


Occipital flattening 

1280 

? 

48.8 

? 

(6-7) 

Aver¬ 

ages 

(with 

minima 



7)+ 1455 

I0) 15.36 

I3) 50.0 

,0> 35.2 

W s 

Males 


(1310-1670) 

(14.87-15.83) 

(48.0-52.7) 

(34.1-37.3) 

(4-6 to 6-7) 




6 ) 

IO) 

7 ) 

0) 

and 

maxima) 

Females 



1 14.84 

(14.67-15.13) 

J 485 
(47.5-49.6) 

V 34.2 
(32.7-35.2) 

91 5.3 

(4-6 to 5-7) 





* Measured with dry mustard-seed in accordance with the writer’s method described in Science, N. s., xvii, June 26 , 1903 , pp. 1011 - 1014 . 
t Number of cases. 















































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


179 


there are also a few that are more capacious. Only one of the specimens, however, 
can be termed large, namely that of 1670 c.c. capacity. In 15 additional Arkansas 
crania in the National Museum, in which it could be determined, the capacity 
ranges in 9 males from 1360 to 1600 c.c., and in 6 females from 1180 to. 1395 c.c. 

The capacity of the skull generally bears a relation to the stature of the indi¬ 
vidual, and the stature can be judged approximately from the long-bones, particu¬ 
larly the humerus and the femur. One or both of the femora are present in five of 
the males with known skull capacity. Their length and relations to the capacity 
are as follows: 


Relation of Skull Capacity to Stature 


Male Skull 

No. 

Cranial Capacity 

Bicondylar length of right 
femur of same 
individual 

Femoro-cranial index (= c. c. of 
skull capacity per i.o cm. 
of femoral length) 


c. c. 

cm. 


255.121 

1310 

45.7 

28.7 

.125 

1315 

43.3 

30.4 

.127 

1455 

42.1 

34.6 

.124 

1480 

46.0 

32.2 

.141 

1670 

48.2 

34.6 

Averages 

1446 

45.1 

32.1 


These interesting data unfortunately apply to too few specimens to be of great 
value, particularly for type comparison. It may be stated, however, that the 
average bicondylar length of the right femur in the white American male of the 
Eastern states approaches 45.0 cm., and the cranial capacity 1500 c.c., which would 
give an average femoro-cranial index of about 33.3, a figure slightly higher than 
that in these Indians. 

The average module (mean diameter of the skull), the greatest horizontal cir¬ 
cumference above the ridges, and the nasion-opisthion arc, all show in both sexes 
slightly lower averages than in whites. The thickness of the parietal bone is not 
excessive, but it will be noticed that it averages slightly more in the females than 
in the males, even if we omit the unusually thick skull No. 255.151. This is not 
general among Indians, although rather thick female crania are met with in all the 
larger Indian skeletal collections. 

The relation in the two sexes, of the average module, and of the circumference 
and antero-posterior arc, is almost identical for the three measurements, being as 
96 (females) to 100 (males) for the module, and as 97 to 100 for both the other 
measurements. 

For capacity, however, the difference in the relation would be larger. 

Facial parts .—It is regrettable that the facial parts of many of the skulls, in¬ 
cluding nearly all the females, are imperfect or wanting. Nevertheless, those 
that remain show a number of features of considerable interest. In the first place 
the facial measurements, and especially the indices, are considerably alike through¬ 
out the series, notwithstanding evident diversity in the form of the crania. Sec- 














182 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 

two sexes, averaging 120° (107° to 128°) in ten males, and 122° (110° to 128°) in 
eight females. It is clear that the lower jaw, except for its slightly smaller dimen¬ 
sions, is of little use for sexual identification in this series of skulls. 

Observations on the Crania. 

The descriptive notes concerning the Arkansas skulls present so many simi¬ 
larities to those bearing on the skulls from Louisiana that the two can be treated 
together. They will therefore be found reported on in the section following that 
dealing with measurements of the Louisiana crania. 

The same applies also to the long-bones and the other bones of the skeletons, 
which will be described together in a later section. 


Additional Measurements of the Arkansas Crania with Reference to the Facial and Other Parts of the Skull 


Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Defor¬ 

mation 

of 

vault 

Prognathism * 

Frontal Bone 

Foramen 

Magnum 

Lower Jaw 

Basion- 

alveolar 

point 

diameter 

(a) 

Basion- 

nasion 

diameter 

Angle 
between 
a and 
alveolar 
point- 
nasion 
line 

Basion- 
middle 
of nasal 
notches 
diameter 

Height 
from 
alveolar 
point to 
middle of 
nasal 
notches 
(*> 

Angle 
between 
a and 
line b 

Diameter 

frontal 

minimum 

(«} 

Diameter 
frontal 
maxi¬ 
mum ( b ) 

Percental 
relation 
of a to b 

fax ioo\ 
V b ) 

Mean 

diameter 

Diameter 

bigonial 

Angle 

right left 

Height 

at 

sym¬ 

phisis 




cm. 

cm. 

degrees 

cm. 

cm. 

degrees 

cm. 

cm. 


cm. 

cm. 

degrees 

cm. 

255.119 

Male 

— 

10.0 

10.2 

7i 

8.9 

2.05 

5 1 

10.2 

12.2 

83.6 

3.3 

10.5 

? 119 

3.6 

.126 


— 

10.7 

11.0 

72 

9.7 

2.25 

56 

10.0 

12.1 

82.6 

? 

11.2 

121 120 

3.9 

.149 

< < 

— 

10.0 

10.2 

7/ 

9.2 

2.3 

62 

8.7 

11.3 

77.0 

? 

9.9 

127 128 

3.9 

.121 

( < 

o. c. 

10.2 

10.3 

7i 

9.2 

2.1 

55 

9.3 

> 

9 

? 

? 

? 

? 

.123 

( « 

0 . c. 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

9 

9.8 

? 

9 

? 

? 

117 ? 

3.7 

.124 

( < 

f-o. c. 

10.4 

10.0 

66 

9.0 

2.3 

48 

9.8 

? 

f 

3.3 

? 

? 

? 

.125 

< i 

o. c. 

9.9 

10.1 

70 

8.8 

2.4 

55 

9.3 

(11.8) 


? 

10.9 

124 ? 

3.6 

.127 

< t 

f-o. c. 

9.8 

10.1 

72 

9.2 

2.1 

67 

9.7 

(12.4) 


3.0 

9.9 

127 126 

3.5 

.128 

( ( 

f-o. c. 

? 

p 

f 

? 

? 

f 

9.6 

(12.9) 


j> 

? 

P 

? 

.141 


o. c. 

10.3 

10.7 

74 

9.1 

2.2 

5° 

9.8 

(12.9) 


3.5 

10.2 

107 112 

3.5 

.145 

< ( 

o. c. 

? 

p 

? 

? 

? 

9 

9.9 

(12.4) 


? 

10.4 

125 ? 

3.9 

.150 

< ( 

o. c. 

10.1 

10.6 

73 

9.0 

2.1 

53 

9.6 

(11.6) 


3.4 

10.6 

119 119 

3.2 

.152 

( ( 

f-o. c. 

10.4 

10.6 

7i 

9.3 

2.1 

53 

9.4 

(12.8) 

. 

3.3 

11.1 

? 112 

3.6 

.120 

Female 

_ 

? 

? 

? 

? 

2.3 

? 

8.7 

11.0 

79 .I 

? 

9.5 

122 119 

3.6 

.143 

( ( 

— 

? 

9.5 

? 

? 

? 

? 

8.6 

11.0 

78.2 

3.0 

9.6 

127 127 

3.5 

.148 

( ( 

— 

? 

10.2 

9 

? 

? 

? 

10.2 

11.8 

86.4 

3.3 

p 

? 119 

3.5 

.122 


f-o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

r> 

? 

9.3 

(12.2) 

. 

? 

p 

? 

? 

.129 

“ 

o. c. 

? 

? 

f 

? 

2.5 

9 

9.1 

(11.9) 


i> 

9.8 

? 124 

i> 

.130 


f-o. c. 

? 

9.9 

9 

p 

1.85 

9 

9.0 

(11.6) 


3.1 

10.5 

126 125 

3.1 

.144 

( ( 

f-o. c. 

? 

? 

9 

? 

? 

? 

9.3 

(12.0) 


? 

10.7 

128 127 

3.6 

.146 

“ 

f-o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

f 

10.0 

(11.9) 

. 

? 

9.6 

121 ? 

3.5 

.147 


f-o. c. 

? 

9.7 

9 

p 

? 

? 

9.1 

(11.6) 


? 

9.6 

110 113 

3.5 

.151 

< ( 

o. c. 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

? 

9.4 

(12.2) 

. 

? 

? 

? 



* Certain errors due to the employment of the sliding compass having crept into the determinations of the facial angles and sub-nasal height of the skulls from the 
Menard and Greer cemeteries described last year, those determinations are here repeated with corrections: 


Museum No. 

Angle between a and alveolar 
point-nasion line 

Height from alveolar point to middle 
of nasal notches ( b ) 

Angle between a and line b 


degrees 

cm. 

degrees 

249.915 

74 

2.3 

60 

.921 

7i 

2.2 

5 1 

.922 

72 

2.4 

58 

.916 

64 

2.9 

54 

.923 

73 

1.7 

52 

.924 

66 

2.45 

J/ 

.925 

7 0 

2.1 

56 

















































































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA 

III. 


183 


LOUISIANA. 

Mr. Moore’s collection from Louisiana in 1909 came from several localities 
which are given with the list of specimens in the table below. 


Louisiana Skulls and Bones 


Locality 

Specimen 

Original 

No. 

Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Stage of life of person * 

Harrelson Landing, Caldwell Parish 

4 4 (( 

Skull and bones 

1 

255.094 

Female 

Aged adult 

Bones 

7 

.099 

Male 

Adult 

(( ( ( 

4 4 

10 

.098 

4 4 

4 4 

ii it 

Skull and bones 

11 

.095 

Female 

Young adult 

4 4 4 4 

Bones 

12 

.096 

4 4 

Adult 

i i a 

4 4 

13 

.097 

4 4 

4 4 

Bell Gin Landing 

Bones 

— 

.100 

Male 

4 4 

4 4 ( 4 

4 4 

— 

,100a 

“ 

4 4 

Myatt’s Landing, Ouachita Parish 

4 4 4 4 

Skull and bones 

A 

.102 

4 4 

Young adult 

Bones 

A 

.102a 

4 4 

Adult 

it 4 4 

Skull 

9 

.118 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

Bones 

15 

.108 

4 4 

Adult 

4 4 4 4 

Skull and bones 

19 

.111 

4 4 

Young adult 

4 4 ( ( 

Skull 

20 

.113 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

21 

.117 

4 4 

Near adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

22 

.116 

4 4 

Young adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

23 

.115 

Male 

Aged adult 

4 4 4 4 

Skull and bones 

24 

.106 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

Bones 

26 

.110 

4 4 

Adult 

4 4 4 4 

Skull and bones 

27 

.105 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

Bones 

29 

.109 

Male 

Adult 

4 4 4 4 

Skull and bones 

30 

.104 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

31 

.103 

Female 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

32 

.112 

4 4 

Aged adult 

4 4 4 4 

<< 

36 

.107 

Male 

Young adult 

4 4 4 4 

Skull 

38 

.114 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 

Jones Landing, Franklin Parish 

Skull 


.153 

Female 

(negroid) 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

“ 

— 

.154 

Male 


Bray Landing, Morehouse Parish 

Skull and bones 

16 

.201 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

Skull 


.202 

Female 

Young adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

— 

.203 

Male 

Aged adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

— 

.204 

4 4 

Males 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

Bones (a lot) 

— 

.205 

and 

females 

All adults 

Mound Landing, Morehouse Parish 

Skull and bones 

1 

.207 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

Ward Place, Morehouse Parish 

Skull and bones 

1 

.217 

Male 

Aged adult 


4 4 

2 

.218 

“ 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

Bones 

4 

.227 

Female 

Adult 


4 4 

5 

.226 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

Skull and bones 

6 

.219 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

7 

.211 

Male 

4 4 


4 4 

8 

.210 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

9 

.216 

Female 

Young adult 

4 4 4 4 

H 

10 

.220 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 

4 4 4 4 

ii 

12 

.215 

Male 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

13 

.213 

Female 

Young adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

14 

.209 

Male 

Middle-age adult 


Bones 

15 

.222 

4 4 

Adult 


4 4 

16 

.221 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

“ 

17 

.224 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

<< 

18 

.225 

Female 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

19 

.223 

Male 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

20 

.214 

Female 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

22 

.212 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 4 

Skull 

31 

.208 

4 4 

Middle-age adult 


* For explanation of terms used, see the similar table pertaining to Arkansas, page 175. 

















































182 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 

two sexes, averaging 120° (107° to 128°) in ten males, and 122° (110° to 128°) in 
eight females. It is clear that the lower jaw, except for its slightly smaller dimen¬ 
sions, is of little use for sexual identification in this series of skulls. 

Observations on the Crania. 

The descriptive notes concerning the Arkansas skulls present so many simi¬ 
larities to those bearing on the skulls from Louisiana that the two can be treated 
together. They will therefore be found reported on in the section following that 
dealing with measurements of the Louisiana crania. 

The same applies also to the long-bones and the other bones of the skeletons, 
which will be described together in a later section. 


Additional Measurements of the Arkansas Crania with Reference to the Facial and Other Parts of the Skull 


Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Defor¬ 

mation 

of 

vault 

Prognathism * 

Frontal Bone 

Foramen 

Magnum 

Lower Jaw 

Basion- 

alveolar 

point 

diameter 

(a) 

Basion- 

nasion 

diameter 

Angle 
between 
a and 
alveolar 
point- 
nasion 
line 

Basion- 
middle 
of nasal 
notches 
diameter 

Height 
from 
alveolar 
point to 
middle of 
nasal 
notches 

(4) 

Angle 
between 
a and 
line 4 

Diameter 

frontal 

minimum 

(a) 

Diameter 
frontal 
maxi¬ 
mum (4) 

Percental 
relation 
of a to b 

(ax ioo\ 
\ b ) 

Mean 

diameter 

Diameter 

bigonial 

Angle 

right left 

Height 

at 

sym¬ 

phisis 




cm. 

cm. 

degrees 

cm. 

cm. 

degrees 

cm. 

cm. 


cm. 

cm. 

degrees 

cm. 

255.119 

Male 

— 

10.0 

10.2 

7i 

8.9 

2.05 

51 

10.2 

12.2 

83.6 

3.3 

10.5 

? 119 

3.6 

.126 

( ( 

— 

10.7 

11.0 

72 

9.7 

2.25 

56 

10.0 

12.1 

82.6 

? 

11.2 

121 120 

3.9 

.149 

< < 

— 

10.0 

10.2 

7/ 

9.2 

2.3 

62 

8.7 

11.3 

77.O 

? 

9.9 

127 128 

3.9 

.121 

i ( 

o. c. 

10.2 

10.3 

7' 

9.2 

2.1 

55 

9.3 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

.123 

( < 

o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

f 

9.8 

? 

? 

? 

? 

117 ? 

3.7 

.124 

t < 

f-o. c. 

10.4 

10.0 

66 

9.0 

2.3 

48 

9.8 

? 

f 

3.3 

? 

? 

? 

.125 

l t 

o. c. 

9.9 

10.1 

70 

8.8 

2.4 

55 

9.3 

(11.8) 


? 

10.9 

124 ? 

3.6 

.127 


f-o. c. 

9.8 

10.1 

72 

9.2 

2.1 

67 

9.7 

(12.4) 


3.0 

9.9 

127 126 

3.5 

.128 


f-o. c. 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

f 

9.6 

(12.9) 


? 

? 

? 

? 

.141 

( < 

o. c. 

10.3 

10.7 

74 

9.1 

2.2 

5° 

9.8 

(12.9) 


3.5 

10.2 

107 112 

3.5 

.145 

< ( 

0 . c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

9.9 

(12.4) 


? 

10.4 

125 ? 

3.9 

.150 


o. c. 

10.1 

10.6 

73 

9.0 

2.1 

53 

9.6 

(11.6) 


3.4 

10.6 

119 119 

3.2 

.152 


f-o. c. 

10.4 

10.6 

7i 

9.3 

2.1 

53 

9.4 

(12.8) 


3.3 

11.1 

? 112 

3.6 

.120 

Female 

_ 

? 

? 

? 

? 

2.3 

? 

8.7 

11.0 

79 .I 

? 

9.5 

122 119 

3.6 

.143 

( ( 

— 

? 

9.5 

? 

? 

? 

? 

8.6 

11.0 

78.2 

3.0 

9.6 

127 127 

3.5 

.148 

( ( 


'? 

10.2 

? 

? 

? 

? 

10.2 

11.8 

86.4 

3.3 

? 

? 119 

3.5 

.122 

( ( 

f-o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

9.3 

(12.2) 


? 

? 

? 

? 

.129 

( ( 

o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

2.5 

? 

9.1 

(11.9) 


? 

9.8 

? 124 

? 

.130 

( < 

f-o. c. 

? 

9.9 

? 

? 

1.85 

? 

9.0 

(11.6) 


3.1 

10.5 

126 125 

3.1 

.144 

< ( 

f-o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

9.3 

(12.0) 


? 

10.7 

128 127 

3.6 

.146 

< ( 

f-o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

10.0 

(11.9) 


? 

9.6 

121 ? 

3.5 

.147 

< ( 

f-o. c. 

? 

9.7 

? 

? 

? 

? 

9.1 

(11.6) 


? 

9.6 

110 113 

3.5 

.151 

( ( 

o. c. 

? 

? 

? 

> 

? 

? 

9.4 

(12.2) 


? 

? 

? 

? 


* Certain errors due to the employment of the sliding compass having crept into the determinations of the facial angles and sub-nasal height of the skulls from the 
Menard and Greer cemeteries described last year, those determinations are here repeated with corrections : 


Museum No. 

Angle between a and alveolar 
point-nasion line 

Height from alveolar point to middle 
of nasal notches (4) 

Angle between a and line 4 


degrees 

cm. 

degrees 

249.915 

74 

2.3 

6o 

.921 

7/ 

2.2 

51 

.922 

72 

2.4 

58 

.916 

64 

2.9 

54 

.923 

73 

1.7 

52 

.924 

66 

2.45 

51 

.925 

70 

2.1 

56 


















































































































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA 

III. 


183 


LOUISIANA. 

Mr. Moore’s collection from Louisiana in 1909 came from several localities 
which are given with the list of specimens in the table below. 


Louisiana Skulls and Bones 


Locality 

Specimen 

Original 

Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Stage of life of person* 

Harrelson Landing, Caldwell Parish 

Skull and bones 

1 

255.094 

Female 

Aged adult 

Bones 

7 

.099 

Male 

Adult 


“ 

10 

.098 

“ 

“ 

“ “ 

Skull and bones 

11 

.095 

Female 

Young adult 

It < ( 

Bones 

12 

.096 


Adult 

( ( ( ( 

‘ ‘ 

13 

.097 


“ 

Bell Gin Landing 

Bones 

— 

.100 

1 Male 

“ 

“ 

— 

.100a 

“ 

“ 

Myatt’s Landing, Ouachita Parish 

Skull and bones 

A 

.102 

“ 

Young adult 

t t ft 

Bones 

A 

.102a 

“ 

Adult 

it t t 

Skull 

9 

.118 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

It t f 

Bones 

15 

.108 


Adult 

t f < < 

Skull and bones 

19 

.111 

* ‘ 

Young adult 

a tt 

Skull 

20 

.113 

“ 

Middle-age adult 

ft It 

“ 

21 

.117 

“ 

Near adult 

t t tt 

tl 

22 

.116 

“ 

Young adult 

tt tt 

‘ ‘ 

23 

.115 

Male 

Aged adult 

ft t t 

Skull and bones 

24 

.106 

“ 

Middle-age adult 

tt it 

Bones 

26 

.110 

“ 

Adult 

tt t t 

Skull and bones 

27 

.105 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

tt t t 

Bones 

29 

.109 

Male 

Adult 

it ft 

Skull and bones 

30 

.104 


Middle-age adult 

t i tt 

“ 

31 

.103 

Female 

tt tt 

“ 

32 

.112 

“ 

Aged adult 

t t It 

‘ ‘ 

36 

.107 

Male 

Young adult 

11 tt 

Skull 

38 

.114 


Middle-age adult 

Jones Landing, Franklin Parish 

Skull 

1 — 

.153 

Female 

(negroid) 


“ “ 

‘ ‘ 

—. 

.154 

Male 

‘ ‘ 

Bray Landing, Morehouse Parish 

Skull and bones 

16 

.201 

“ 

“ 

Skull 


.202 

Female 

Young adult 

“ “ 

“ 

— 

.203 

Male 

Aged adult 



— 

.204 

Males 

Middle-age adult 

‘ ‘ 14 

Bones (a lot) 

— 

.205 

and 

females 

All adults 

Mound Landing, Morehouse Parish j 

Skull and bones 

1 

.207 

Female 

Middle-age adult 

Ward Place, Morehouse Parish 

Skull and bones 

1 

.217 

Male 

Aged adult 

t t t t 

“ 

2 

.218 

“ 

Middle-age adult 


Bones 

4 

.227 

Female 

Adult 

it t t 

“ 

5 

.226 

“ 

‘ * 


Skull and bones 

6 

.219 

“ 

Middle-age adult 


“ 

7 

.211 

Male 

it tt 

“ 

8 

.210 

“ 

“ 



9 

.216 

Female 

Young adult 

t t it 

“ 

10 

.220 

“ 

Middle-age adult 

tt it 

“ 

12 

.215 

Male 

it t t 

“ 

13 

.213 

Female 

Young adult 

tt tt 

“ 

14 

.209 

Male 

Middle-age adult 

t t t t 

Bones 

15 

.222 

“ 

Adult 



16 

.221 

‘ ‘ 

( ( 


“ 

17 

.224 

“ 

t t 

it t t 

“ 

18 

.225 

Female 

i t 

tt t t 


19 

.223 

Male 

t t 

t t t t 


20 

.214 

Female 

t < 

tt t t 

“ 

22 

.212 

“ 

t f 

t t tt 

Skull 

31 

.208 


Middle-age adult 


* For explanation of terms used, see the similar table pertaining to Arkansas, page 175. 







































184 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


There are seventeen male and eighteen female skulls. Including all the bones, 
however, thirty male and twenty-eight female individuals are represented. 

With a single exception, these specimens are in a state of preservation similar 
to that of the Arkansas skeletal remains. The exception noted is the bones from 
Harrelson Landing, which are more resistant, and darker in color. 

Deformations are again frequent. Of the male skulls, six are of normal shape, 
nine show various grades of occipital and two of fronto-occipital compression ; among 
the skulls of females, six are non-deformed, eight have occipital flattening and four 
fronto-occipital compression. 

An interesting fact is that the fronto-occipital deformation occurs in only one 
locality, namely, Ward Place, La. Its absence in several of the other localities 
may be merely accidental, due to the small number of specimens from these places. 
But in the fairly large series from Myatt’s Landing, only occipital compression is 
detected. Notes regarding the grades of deformation are included with the first 
table of measurements. 

Several of the skulls show evidence of disease; details of these are given in 
Section VI. Syphilis was undoubtedly present, as likewise were other pathological 
conditions, known already from the skeletal remains of Arkansas. 

Anomalies of importance, as in the crania from Arkansas, are limited in num¬ 
ber. In male skull No. 255.106 the basilar process shows a deep lateral fissure on 
the left side and a similar condition in a lesser degree on the right (Fig. 4, y); 
the same specimen shows also a small medio-basilar or “pharyngeal” fossa. Male 
skull 255.154 exhibits a very pronounced occipital torus, with a marked depres¬ 
sion above its middle for a ligamentous or tendinous insertion. Male skull 255.203 
shows an epactal or “interparietal” bone, 6.7 cm. broad and 4.5 cm. high. Male 
skull 255.218 has a pronounced semilunar occipital crest, and a depression of good 
size in the median line above it. Female skull 255.094 shows a marked bilateral 
depression extending antero-posteriorly over three-fifths of the surface of each 
parietal, between the temporal ridges and the sagittal region, due to senile diminu¬ 
tion of nourishment of these portions and their consequent absorption. In female 
skull 255.118 there is a large third condyle with an articular facet; and in female 
skull 255.103 we find on the right a paramastoid process, 0.9 cm. high and equally 
stout, which articulated with the atlas. On the left side of female skull 255.212 
there is a large wedge-like, separate ossicle, 2.2 cm. in length by 0.5 cm. in average 
breadth, between the wing of the sphenoid and the glenoid portion of the temporal 
bone. This separate piece includes the sphenoid spine (spinous process). Female 
skull 255.213 shows a pronounced depression, 3.3 by 3.0 cm. in extent, above inion ; 
it is of the same character as the depressions in crania 255.154 and 255.218, and 
as those of a number of skulls in the Arkansas collection of 1908, and no doubt 
served for a ligamentous or tendinous attachment. In female skull 255.214 there 
is a marked non-articular tubercle immediately back of each occipital condyle. 
Finally, the lower jaw of female skull 255.220 shows on each side an abnormally 
large and cleft-like dental foramen. 

Other minor anomalies are enumerated under “ Observations” (page 197). 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA 


185 


Measurements of the Louisiana Crania with Reference to Their Form 






Diame¬ 


1 








ter 

Diameter 






Locality 


Deformation 

antero¬ 

lateral 

Basion- 


Height- 

Height- 

No. 

Sex 

posterior 

maxi¬ 

maxi¬ 

mum 

bregma 

height 

Cephalic index 

length 

index 

breadth 

index 





mum 










cm. 

cm. 

cm. 




255.094 

Harrelson Landing 

Female 

— 

17.6 

14.4 

?(good) 

81.8 

? 

? 

.095 

“ 

— 

17.6 

14.1 

14.5 

80.1 

82.4 

102.8 

.107 

Myatt’s Landing 
“ 

Male 

— 

18.2 

15.1 

?(good) 

83.0 

? 

? 

.114 

‘ ‘ 

— 

18.2 

14.3 

14.4 

78.6 

79.1 

100.7 




Moderate 







.102 

< ‘ 

‘ * 

occipital 

compression 

(17.2) 

(14.0) 

? 











.104 

<< 

“ 

Slight 

(16.5) 

(14.8) 

(14.1) 

(brachycephal) 






occ. comp. 



.106 

.< 

<< 

Pronounced 

(16.0) 

(15.5) 

(14.6) 







occ. comp. 




.111 

*< 

<< 

Slight 

(16.6) 

(14.3) 

? 

(brachycephal) 




4 4 

occ. comp. 
Moderate 



.115 

(16.9) 

(14.7) 

(14.3) 




occ. comp. 




.113 

‘ ‘ 

Female 

— 

16.6 

14.7 

14.1 

88.5 

84.9 

95.9 

.116 

‘ ‘ 

‘ ‘ 

— 

16.6 

13.8 

13.6 

83.1 

81.9 

98.5 

.103 

.. 

.< 

Moderate 

(16.0) 

(14.3) 

(13.5) 







occ. comp. 




.105 

*> 

■ < 

Slight 

(17.6) 

(14.5) 

(13.8) 

(brachycephal) 






occ. comp. 



.112 

“ 

<< 

Slight 

(16.8) 

(14.6) 

(14.3) 

,, 





occ. comp. 


. 


.117 

“ 

<< 

Slight 

(16.3) 

(14.9) 

(14.1) 

1 c 





occ. comp. 




.118 

<< 

<< 

Moderate 

(16.6) 

(14.2) 

(14.6) 

(meso- or slightly 






occ. comp. 

brachycephal) 



.154 

Jones Landing 

Male 

— 

18.3 

14.2 

15.3 

77.6 

83.6 

107.7 

.203 

Bray Landing 

Male 

— 

17.6 

14.3 

14.8 

81.2 

84.1 

1035 

.204 


— 

17.3 

15.1 

15.0 

87.3 

86.7 

99.3 

.201 

“ 

<< 

Slight 

(17.7) 

(15.2) 

(14.5) 

(brachycephal) 




Female 

occ. comp. 
Moderate 



.202 

(16.5) 

(15.0) 

(14.0) 

(brachycephal) 


occ. comp. 



.207 

Mound Landing 

Female 

— 

16.2 

14.5 

14.3 

89.5 

88.3 

98.6 

.211 

Ward Place 

Male 

— 

18.1 

14.5 

14.5 

80.1 

80.1 

100.0 

.209 

“ 

<< 

Moderate 

(16.8) 

(15.5) 

? 

(brachycephal) 





occ. comp. 
Moderate 








.210 

< ‘ 

1 * 

fronto- 

(16.5) 

(14.7) 

? 






occ. comp. 





.215 


,, 

Lateral 
mod. fronto- 
occ. comp. 

(17.7) 

(15.1) 

(14.2) 

(probably brachy¬ 





cephal) 



.217 

it 

<< 

Moderate 

(17.1) 

(14.6) 

(14.8) 






occ. comp. 




.218 

it 


Moderate 

(16.3) 

(15.1) 

? 






occ. comp. 





.213 

‘ * 

Female 

— 

16.6 

13.6 

13.6 

81.9 

81.9 

100.0 




Slight 







.208 

* ‘ 

‘ 1 

fronto- 

(16.5) 

(13.9) 

(12.5) 







occ. comp. 




.212 


<• 

Pronounced 

(15.7) 

(14.6) 

(13.6) 







occ. comp. 
Slight fron¬ 







.214 

“ 

■ < 

tal with pro¬ 

(15.5) 

(14.9) 

(13.7) 







nounced 







occ. comp. 
Slight fron¬ 







.216 

“ 

<< 

tal with pro¬ 

(16.6) 

(14.9) 

(13.4) 







nounced 







occ. comp. 
Slight fron¬ 







.219 


<• 

tal with 

(16.1) 

(14.5) 

(13.2) 






moderate 
occ. comp. 








.220 

it 

<* 

Medium 

(15.5) 

(14.5) 

(14.0) 






occ. comp. 





24 JOURN. A. N. 8. PHILA., VOL. XIV. 
































































































186 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


The Form of the Louisiana Skulls .—In form the Louisiana crania show a pre¬ 
dominance of the same brachycephalic type as that of the majority of skulls from 
Arkansas; but there are likewise some more oblong heads, which are similar in 
their turn to those of like form from Arkansas. The longer forms appear among 
the non-deformed Louisiana skulls, and are suspected also in several of the deformed 
crania. Besides these two types there are undoubtedly also intermediate forms 
resulting from admixture. 

The height of the skulls for the greater part is quite considerable, as is the 
case with the skulls from Arkansas. 

The principal measurements with reference to the form of the crania are given 
on p. 185. 

Two features shown by the preceding table, which deserve special notice are 
the height-length and height-breadth indices. The former index averages 82.7 in 
the males, and 84.3 in the females; the latter 102.2 in the males, and 99.1 in the 
females. All of these averages, but particularly those of the height-length index, 
are extraordinarily high and are met with even among the Indians only in certain 
restricted areas. 

The Size of the Louisiana Skulls .—In size there is again a fair agreement 
between the crania from Louisiana and those from Arkansas. A number of the 
male skulls and one female specimen show, as seen from the following table, very 
fair capacity (between 1500 and 1600 c.c.); but there are also crania, both male 
and female, of but very moderate capacity. In the case of female skull 255.208 
the capacity is decidedly small, though such examples are not uncommon in the 
American race. The average capacity of the twelve male crania is 1460 (1350-1580) 
c.c.; that of the 7 female skulls, 1310 (1130-1390) c.c. In comparison with this, all 
the available Arkansas crania the capacity of which could be determined, comprising 
19 males and 14 females, give an average of 1433 (1260-1670) c.c. for the males 
and 1233 (1140-1395) c.c. for the females. The differences between the two areas 
are not very material, but, so far as they obtain, they favor Louisiana. They are 
noticeably more pronounced in the females than in the males. This interesting 
condition may be incidental to the small number of specimens, particularly in the 
series from Louisiana; yet it deserves attention. Similar differences are noted in 
all the measurements bearing on the size of the vault in the two series of skulls. 

The percental relation between the capacity of the female and that of the male 
crania, the latter being taken as 100, amounts in Louisiana to 89.7, in Arkansas to 
86.3. This shows that the female skulls in these groups are not only absolutely 
larger in Louisiana than in Arkansas, but that they are also relatively larger, when 
compared with the males, than they are in the other State. This rather strengthens 
the possibility that the high average capacity of the Louisiana female skulls is 
accidental. 

The percentage of difference between the capacity of the male and female 
crania is higher than that shown by any other of the principal external measure¬ 
ments of the vault. This will be shown more clearly in the succeeding pages. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


187 


Measurements of the Louisiana Crania with Reference to Their Size 


Museum 

No. 

Locality 

Sex 

Deformity *| 

Capacity 

Cranial 
module 
( = mean 
diameterj 

Circum¬ 
ference 
maximum 
(above 
supra-orbi- 
tal ridges) 

Nasion- 

opisthion 

arc 

Thickness 
of left 
parietal 
| (above 
squamous 
suture) 

255.094 

Harrelson Landing 

Female 


c. c. 

? 

cm. 

? 

cm. 

50.8 

cm. 

36.9 

mm. 

4-5 

.095 

“ 

— 

1370 

15.40 

50.0 

37.0 

4-7 

.107 

Myatt’s Landing 

Male 

— 

? 

? 

51.7 

36.4 

4-7 

.114 

‘ ‘ 

— 

1545 

15.63 

51.7 

36.0 

4-6 

.102 

( < 


o. c. 

} 

? 

? 

? 

4-6 

.104 

( ( 

* * 


? 

15.13 

49.3 

33.6 

5-7 

.106 

( < 


“ 

1420 

15.37 

49.7 

34.3 

4-7 

.111 

i ( 


“ 

1390 

15.23 

48.5 

34.8 

5-7 

.115 

i i 

“ 


1350 

15.30 

49.3 

34.7 

5-7 

.113 

< i 

Female 

— 

? 

15.13 

49.7 

36.0 

4-5 

.116 

4 4 


— 

j> 

14.67 

48.7 

35.0 

3-6 

.103 

4 4 


o. c. 

? 

14.60 

48.0 

33.2 

3-5 

.105 

4 4 



1410 

15.30 

52.2 

36.2 

5-7 

.112 

4 4 



1390 

15.23 

50.3 

35.0 

5-7 

.117 

4 4 


li 

? 

15.10 

49.3 

33.8 

3-5 

.118 

4 4 

“ 

“ 

? 

15.13 

49.3 

36.8 

4-7 

.154 

Jones Landing 

Male 

— 

1560 

15.93 

51.6 

38.5 

5-7 

.203 

Bray Landing 

Male 

— 

? 

15.57 

50.1 

? 

4-5 

.204 

* ‘ 

— 

1580 

15.80 

51.2 

35.9 

5-6 

.201 

“ 


o. c. 

1570 

15.80 

52.3 

37.2 

5-6 

.202 

“ 

Female 


? 

15.17 

50.0 

35.7 

4-5 

.207 

Mound Landing 

Female 

— 

? 

15.00 

47.9 

33.3 

4-6 

.211 

Ward Place 

Male 

— 

1470 

15.70 

51.0 ! 

35.6 

4-7 

.209 

4 4 


0 . c. 

? 

? 

50.9 

34.2 

4-6 

.210 

4 4 


f-o.c. 

1420 

? 

48.8 

? 

4-5 

.215 

4 4 


“ 

1400 

15.67 

51.2 

36.0 

5-8 

.217 

4 4 

‘ ‘ 

o. c. 

1440 

15.50 

49.5 

34.4 

4-7 

.218 

4 4 

“ 

“ 

1350 

? 

49.6 

? 

| 5-6 

.213 

4 4 

Female 

— 

1215 

14.60 

47.2 

! 34.3 

5-7 

.208 

4 4 


f-o.c. 

1130 

14.30 

47.0 

33.4 

4-5 

.212 

4 4 

“ 

o. c. 

1330 

14.63 

47.3 

33.3 

4-6 

.214 

4 4 


f-o.c. 

1390 

14.70 

47.6 

33.3 

4-5 

.216 

4 4 



1325 

14.97 

48.0 

33.5 

4-6 

.219 

4 4 

‘ ‘ 

“ 

? 

14.60 

47.1 

? 

4-6 

.220 

4 4 


o. c. 

? 

1 14.67 

47.7 

? 

3-4 


* O. c. = occipital compression ; f-o. c. = fronto-occipital compression. 


The relation of the capacity to stature, the latter represented by the length of 
the femur, was determinable in 7 of the male and 5 of the female skulls from Louis¬ 
iana, and the results are given in the following table. The relation, it is seen, is 
not without its variations, but it should prove of considerable interest when estab¬ 
lished in large series of skeletons. 

The number of Indian specimens available is not satisfactory for a comparison 
of the capacity-stature relation with that in whites; nevertheless, by including the 
data on the Arkansas skulls given in the previous section and accepting jj.j as 
the approximate average femoro-cranial index in white males, it is found that of 
twelve male Indian skulls only three show an index greater than that of whites 
of the same sex, while in nine it is lesser. In all probability a lesser femoro- 
cranial index than that of whites exists throughout among the Indians, though 
there will be individual exceptions. This means that the well known lower aver¬ 
age cranial capacity of the Indian is not due to smaller stature. 

The cranial module (mean diameter) and the measurements of circumference 




























188 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


Relation of Skull Capacity to Stature 


Skull No. 

Cranial Capacity 

Bicondylar length 
of 

right femur 

Femoro-cranial index 
(= c. c. of skull capacity per 
i.o cm. of femoral length; 

Males 

C. C. 

cm. 


255.218 

1350 

45.0 (left) 

30.1 

.111 

1390 

44.7 

31.1 

.210 

1420 

43.1 

32.9 

.106 

1420 

43.0 (left) 

33.0 

.217 

1440 

44.7 

32.2 

.211 

1470 

44.6 

33.0 

.201 

1570 

45.5 

34.5 

Females 




255.213 

1215 

42.0 

28.9 

.216 

1325 

40.6 

32.6 

.212 

1330 

43.1 

30.9 

.214 

1390 

41.4 

33.6 

.112 

1390 

41.2 

33.7 


maximum and of the nasion-opisthion arc are given next to show their relative 
value in comparison with the capacity. Reference to the tabulated data shows 
that the measurements most closely expressing or representing the size of the skull, 
after capacity, are the cranial module and the circumference, the nasion-opisthion 
arc offering greater variability. The necessity of measuring the thickness of the 
cranial vault in each case where the actual capacity can not be determined is 
apparent. This measurement, as taken in this series, i. e n along a line 1.0 cm. 
above the temporo-parietal suture, is not perfect, but it has the advantage that it 
can be taken with the compass used for other skull measurements. It would be 
preferable to determine the thickness of the parietal along a line running from 
before backward nearer or at its middle, but this would require a special in¬ 
strument. 

Results of considerable interest are obtained by comparing the averages of the 
principal external measurements of the skull which relate to its size, in all the 
available collections from Arkansas and Louisiana, and by contrasting them in the 
two sexes. According to these averages, which also are given in the next table, 
the Louisiana crania, of both males and females, show the largest external dimen¬ 
sions, while those from the Menard and Greer cemeteries in Arkansas show the 
smallest. This result agrees in the main with the determinations relating to the 
internal size of the skulls. The differences, however, on the whole are very moder¬ 
ate, and it is quite probable that in at least some of the groups they are accidental, 
due to the small number of specimens. 

The average thickness of the skulls is in every series except that from Boytt’s 
Field, Arkansas, noticeably smaller in the females than in the males. The male 
crania from the Menard and Greer cemeteries show the highest average thickness, 
but they are represented by only three specimens; the female skulls from that 
locality are not exceptional. The next in thickness are the male skulls from Louis- 












Comparison of the Averages of Principal Cranial Measurements Relating to the Size of the Skull, Exclusive of Capacity. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


189 


C/l 

W 

h) 

a 

w 

Average 

thickness of 

parietal 1 cm. 

above temporo¬ 

parietal 

suture 

mm. 

5.0 

(3-4 to 6-7) 

5.3 

(4-6 to 5-7) 

45 

(3-4 to 5-8) 

4.85 

(3-4 to 5-7) 

fe 








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190 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


to I 

<01 

Ot 

SS2 83 J2£8St3£BS2S{2888S5SiME-ooti-Sl-oSS£iS88 

Museum 

No. 

Harrelson Landing 

Myatt’s Landing 

( < 

( « 

( i 

Jones Landing 

Bray Landing 

Mound Landing 

Ward Place 

< < 

( ( 

< < 

< « 

t « 

4 4 

4 4 

Locality 

Female 

Male 

Female 

Male 

Male 

Female 

Female 

Male 

Female 

Sex 

?????? | ? ???? | |? ? | | | ? ? ? ? ? 1 \?????\) 1 1 
oooooo ooooo oo ooooo n n n n n 

Defor¬ 
mity of 
■ vault 

~u -vM-vO -V p- -wmS-vK M H 4 CO -V -u -u H 4 *-o -u -u to H 4 -o -KJ H 4 *-v» to *v *-* «v g 
to *05 **<I © h 4 **<1 CO © CO *4^ •*! to to Or CO CO • 

Total 

height 

of 

face 

© -J 05 05 OS -4 -4 00 05 05 CO 05 M <1 -4 <1 -4 -4 ^4 05 g 

“ VJ Cn k> 50 05 05 i-* Cn 45. 4- O 00 05 © ’© **' * v “ 4 ’ CO ’© CO M CO ‘ v ’*-* " u CO 45. 00 p 

height 

Alveolar 

point- 

nasion 

h 4 H 4 H 4 H 4 h” 4 |aai »—1 |_a M H 4 ►— 4 ►— 4 h 4 ^ 4 h 4 ^ 4 I -4 44 H 4 h 4 k- 4 0 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 45 , v 4- CO , v 45 CO CO CO 45 . ^ 45 CO 4- co tc g 

45 Or 45 05 CO 00 ’© 05 4- 4- 05 05 054- 1-* b» "h- -4 CO 4- CO ■ 

Diameter 

bizygo- 

matic 

maxi¬ 

mum 

Oo^VOOo N OOo^oOo Oo Co Co 

•<>& •*& ^ •««> ? •»* P* ? •«*> I s * ^ •*© *«>e •*£ **e **e ***> **'$ • >6 *«e • 

Os Vj Ui <a> <0> '•O^t 'O ^ 

c 

Facial 

index, 

>6 l) c 2 !o hS >5 "■* t2 - i* !$ ‘"6 C& ^ -56 -56 -os, -56 ’»e •>« •’« 4? •'t ■'*. pW c2 '*» 

k kl k> On ’On CN k. kki bo b, NO b) t>o b N 

Facial 

index, 

upper 

4.4-4-4-4-4-4.CnCn4-Cn 01 01 4*. 4 . 01 Ol 4-4-4-4-CnCnCnCn4-. Cm OlCf 4 O 

05 -1 CO ’© bo bo CO CO '45 CO '© v 01 © -4 CO 4- i- 1 V CO ’© CO bo CO to to 01 V I- 1 ^ 4- to bo v B 

Cn Oi Cn Oi 91 CD Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn 01 

Nose, 

height 

(mean 

from 

nasion to 
the nasal 
notches) 

to to to to to to to CO to to to to to to to to to to to to to to JO to to ' V to to to to JO --u 0 

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OlOl 01 ot 01 01 cn Ot Ot 

Nose, 

breadth 

maxi¬ 

mum 

On On Cl, «C- O, 0,450,0,0,45. 0,0,450,44.45.^Cr,4!50,0,t^ 450, 0, 454N-fc. 

I-- CO 45 Oo O, OnOiOnOWN '«0i05i04540 - '0 ^OiyoON^-Os *6 ^OoV, "CJno i«0oO,Vj •« 
bo Cl L, Ol "st k> ic On 45 k, b, C> Ci b, b, k, Co k, b, Kj O, b, k, bo k> k, k. 45. 

Nose, 

index 

CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO CO COCO CO CO CO p 5 .? 0 .^ 

45 " v cn 05 CO '45 CO 05 kt 4- 05 ' 4 *. CO 4- CO 4- 00 Cn 05 kj 05 B 

Cn cn cn cn cn cn cn 

right 

Orbits, 

height 

co co cc co co co co co co 00 co oo co co co co co co q 

& O’ g gg2J ^ ’ w ^^ ^ g ^ g ^ ^ ® " u b ' cn ■" . 3 

1 

CO CO CO CO CO CO 4^ 4^ CO 4^ 4^ CO CO CO ^ CO CO 4^ CO O 

co -<i bo bo ‘*<1 bo o to co o 4^ oo o co ‘-4 *-* *"° co o>o co 3 

or Ot OI OX ot Ol Ot 

right 

Orbits, 

breadth 

cm. 

? 

3.8 

? 

4.1 
? 

3.6 
? 

? 

4.05 

? 

? 

? 

3.8 

3.8 

4.0 

? 

? 

? 

? 

3.7 
? 

4.2 
? 

3.9 

3.8 
4.0 
4.1 
3.55 

? 

3.85 

3.75 

3.75 

? 

3.8 

1 

Oo 'O v OPo v © v O N OOoOo''0 ^ Go °0 Oo'O Xi Oo ^4 'O 'O 

^ * c ^ ^ Qi ^4 NO Vj Ki Vj 0\ •*& *«N& Os Siw *^Q •«'S *»>£) *\j Xi Cb •''B ^ ^ 

b\ V^,n* vj bo U» Kj Ki U» bo K> bvvj 00 ^ ^ 

right 

Orbits, 

index 

? 

92.1 

? 

87.8 
f 

100.0 

? 

f 

95.1 
? 

? 

? 

895 

895 

? 

88.7 
? 

? 

» 

? 

91.9 
? 

83.3 
f 

96.1 

895 

925 

86.6 

95.8 
? 

87.0 

97.3 

93.3 
? 

90.8 

aT 

Ot Ot 4^ ^ Ot, , 05 Ot, 05 Ol Ot Oi 05 # Ot, Ot, , , ot, Ot, , ot, Ot ot ot, 2 

’ v * v b i- b * v ^ ^ v o bt ^ I- 4 bt *05 *»ffc o ^ ** ^ 05 *° ^ bt ^ bo ’-a 4^ ^ P 

Palate, 

external 

length 

050505, 05, , 05 05 , 05 05 05 05*^5, 05 , 05, , 05 , 05, , 05 , 05 05 05 , 2 

bo bt to h 4 bt bt bo -<r 05 *05 co **<i bo bt bo ^ to *05 o ^ P 

Palate, 

external 

breadth 

? 

ui.i 

112.3 

113.8 
? 

112.7 
f 

? 

1193 

? 

116.1 

? 

? 

? 

125.9 
? 

1175 

f 

121.7 
122.2 

117.9 

121.8 
1115 

? 

118.2 

108.3 
? 

? 

113.0 

? 

1265 

127.4 

121.4 
? 

? 

Palate, 

index 


Measurements of the Louisiana Crania with Reference to the Facial Parts 



























































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


191 


iana; this has a bearing on their relatively large external size, as compared with 
the other groups of crania, with only' a slightly larger capacity. 

The percental relation of female to male averages of the principal external meas¬ 
urements of the vault presents considerable likeness in the four localities, and is 
much alike in the separate measurements. Larger numbers of specimens would 
doubtless reduce further some of the irregularities. As already alluded to, these 
sexual indices exceed considerably the similar indices of cranial capacity. This is 
due partly to the relatively great thickness of the female skulls and partly to other 
conditions. It will be of importance to determine these relations with respect to 
other groups of American aborigines as well as to other races. 

THE FACIAL PARTS. 

Facial Dimensions .—In the majority of the Louisiana crania the facial parts 
unfortunately are injured, yet enough remains to show that in this series the face 
is somewhat higher and broader than is the case w T ith the skulls from Boytt’s Field, 
Arkansas: it more nearly approaches the specimens from the Menard and Greer 
cemeteries. The relative proportions of the face, i. e ., the facial indices, show much 
similarity in all these groups, as is evident from the table on page 190. Neverthe¬ 
less, the facial indices, especially the upper, are perceptibly lower in the crania 
from Boytt’s Field than in the others, and in addition the averages of all the facial 
measurements of the skulls from this locality are lower than those of the other 
series. This relative smallness of the face of the former inhabitants of the Boytt’s 
Field region w^as probably a local peculiarity. 


Comparison of Facial Dimensions of Male Skulls from Louisiana and Arkansas 


Locality 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average total 
facial height 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average upper 
facial height 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average diameter 
bizygomatic 
maximum 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average total 
facial index 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average upper 
facial index 

Louisiana ( a) 

7 

cm. 

12.35 (11.5-13.4) 

10 

cm. 

755 (7.0-8.0) 

9 

cm. 

\14.2 (13.4-14.6) 

6 

86 (81.5-90.3) 

8 

5J 

(51.4-55.2) 

Arkansas (b): 
Menard 
and Greer 
cemeteries 

1 

12.4 

1 

7.7 

2 

14.55 (14.5-14.6) 

1 

85 

1 

h 


Arkansas (c) : 
Boytt’s Field 

9 

11.75 (11.3-12.2) 

11 

7.05 (6.8-7.3) 

8 

13.85 (13.3-14.3) 

7 

85 (81.5-90.3) 

8 

51 

(47.9—55.2) 

Arkansas ( d ) : 












Drew and 

Mississippi 

counties 

3 

125 (12.1-13.1) 

11 

7.6 (7.0-8.2) 

10 

13.95 (13.5-14.6) 

2 

86 (84.2-88.3) 

7 

54.5 

(52.1-60.7) 


(a) The average height of the upper face in 13 female skulls from Louisiana is 6.88 cm.; in 5 from Arkansas (6), 7.35 cm.; in 5 from Arkansas (c), 6.93 cm.; 
and in 5 from Arkansas (rf), 7.06 cm. 


The average proportions and the index of the nose in the several groups of skulls 
from Louisiana and Arkansas bear close resemblance ; nevertheless it will be noticed 
from the following table that there are certain local differences. These are due 
particularly to the unequal average height of the nose, which in turn is owing 
largely to differences in the height of the upper face. Thus the greatest average 





















192 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


height of the nose occurs in crania from the Menard and Greer group and in the 
male skulls from Drew and Mississippi counties, Arkansas, and these two series 
show also the lowest average nasal index. On the other hand, the lowest nose with 
the highest nasal index is found in the Boytt’s Field crania, in which the face, as 
has been previously mentioned, also was exceptionally low. The average breadth 
of the nose differs less than the height in the various groups of skulls under con¬ 
sideration. 

As to sexual differences, the three larger groups of crania show, as is usual in 
Indians, a lower average nasal index in the males than in the females. Similar 
difference exists also in whites and in other races, and is due to the fact that the 
height of the upper face is relatively less in the females, as compared with males, 
than its breadth. 


Comparison of Nasal Dimensions 


Sex and Locality 

Number 

of 

individuals 

Nose: 

average height 

Nose : 

average breadth 

Nasal index: 
average 

Males 

Louisiana 

Arkansas: Boytt’s Field 

Arkansas : Menard and Greer cemeteries 
Arkansas: Drew and Mississippi counties 

13 

11 

2 

13 

cm. 

5.16 (4.5-5.5) 

4.98 (4.7-5.35) 
5.22 . 

cm. 

2.62 (2.3-3.0) 

2.54 (2.35-2.8) 
2.62 . 

50.95 (45.4-57.8) 
51.05 (46.7-53.8) 
50.25 .... 

5.49 (5.05-5.80) 

2.69 (2.45-2.95) 

49.40 (45.6-54.5) 

Females 

Louisiana 

Arkansas: Boytt’s Field 

Arkansas : Menard and Greer cemeteries 
Arkansas: Drew and Mississippi counties 

15 

4 

5 

7 

4.87 (4.65-5.3) 
4.70 (4.4-4.9) 

5.15 (4.9-5.3) 

4.96 (4.7-5.2) 

2.56 (2.3-2.85) 

2.57 (2.5-2.7) 

2.50 (2.4-2.6) 

2.61 (2.45-2.70) 

52.65 (46.9-61.3) 
54.80 (52.1-60.0) 
48.55 (45.3-51.0) 
52.70 (49.0-57.4) 


The orbital height in the Louisiana skulls ranges from 3.4 to 3.85 cm., and the 
breadth from 3.6 to 4.4 cm. In the females the variations are : height 3.3 to 3.65 
cm., breadth 3.55 to 4.0 cm. The index varies from 77.3 to 100.0 in the male 
skulls, and from 84.6 to 97.3 in the female crania. The majority of the specimens 
are megaseme; but the value of the orbital dimensions and indices in many of the 
artificially deformed skulls is problematic. It is certain that in some cases of 
fronto-occipital compression the deformation has the effect of heightening and pos¬ 
sibly also of narrowing the orbits. The simple occipital compression is less influ¬ 
ential ; nevertheless, when of a higher degree, it is not without an effect on the 
orbital measurements. 

In some cases both the measurements and the indices of the two orbits differ 
quite appreciably, and in a majority of these instances the index of the left orbit is 
the larger. Thus, of the eighteen crania in which the index could be determined, 
it was equal in two, larger on the right side in four, and larger on the left side in 
twelve. Similar differences were noted in the measurements of the Arkansas series; 
they exist also among Indians elsewhere, and have been found in whites. 

The palate in the Louisiana skulls is in the males predominantly mesuranic, 
in the females mainly brachyuranic. Its average indices are brachyuranic, and 















REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


193 


show, as do the average measurements, considerable likeness to those of the three 
other series of skulls available for comparison. The higher indices in the female 
than in the male crania of the Louisiana group are apparently exceptional. The 
locality differences, shown in the following table, are so irregular that no definite 
significance can be attached to them. 


Palate : Comparison of Average Measurements and Indices 


Sex and Locality 

Number 

of 

specimens 

External length of 
the palate (Turner), 
averages 

Greatest external 
breadth of the 
palate, averages 

Palatal index, 
averages 

Males 

Louisiana 

10 

cm. 

5.75 (5.4-6.1) 

cm. 

6.65 (6.2-7.3) 

116 (108.3-122.2) 

Arkansas: Boytt’s Field 

12 

5J7 (5.3-6.0) 

6.56 (6.1-7.1) 

118 (108.6-126.8) 

Arkansas: Menard and Greer cemeteries 

1 

5.80. 

6.90. 

119 .. 

Arkansas: Drew and Mississippi counties 

7 

5.75 (5.6-5.8) 

7.02 (6.55-7.40) 

122 (113.0-128.6) 

Females 

Louisiana 

9 

5.35 (4.9-5.6) 

6JO (6.0-6.8) 

122 (111.1-127.4) 

Arkansas : Boytt’s Field 

2 

5.65 . 

6.45 . 

115 . 

Arkansas : Menard and Greer cemeteries 

5 

5.71 (5.35-6.2) 

6.80 (6.55-7.1) 

119 (114.5-127.1) 

Arkansas : Drew and Mississippi counties 

5 

5.44 (5.1-5.7) 

6.37 (5.95-6.75) 

117 (104.4-133.9) 


Additional Measurements of the Facial and Other Parts of the Skull. 

The individual data are here given, as in the case of the Arkansas crania, in a 
separate table, in order to facilitate their possible use according to secondary locali¬ 
ties or other standards. Thus presented they will also render easier the study of 
the effects of deformation on some of the measurements, particularly the diameter 
frontal maximum (see page 194). 

Prognathism. —For the Louisiana series of skulls the measurements pertain¬ 
ing to facial and alveolar prognathism give an average basi-facial angle in each sex 
of 70°, with an average alveolar angle of 55.5° in the males and 52° in the females. 
The alveolar process in the females is somewhat more slanting, but it either does 
not increase or it increases but little the total facial protrusion. As will be seen in 
the next table the measurements and angles relative to this feature show a close 
similarity to those obtained on the Arkansas series, particularly the skulls from 
Boytt’s Field. The basi-facial angle presents remarkably small variation, both 
within the individual series and in the separate groups. 

The Frontal Bone. —As in some of the Arkansas specimens, the smallest frontal 
breadth is decidedly low in some of the Louisiana skulls, and it never exceeds 
moderate dimensions. 

The averages given below show, as usual, a perceptibly larger diameter frontal 
minimum in the males than in the females; and there is a close similarity in the 
measurement of the Louisiana series and the crania from Boytt’s Field, Arkansas. 


25 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIV. 



















194 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


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Frontal Bone 

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3.35 

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3.15 

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3.5 
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3.3 
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3.4 

3.3 

3.15 

3.05 

3.45 

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? 

3.6 

3.7 
? 

3.15 

3.05 

3.15 

3.15 

3.25 

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Lower Jaw 


right 

I 


1 

? 

3.5 

? 

4.0 

3.7 

3.5 
? 

? 

3.3 

3.2 

3.3 

3.4 
? 

3.6 
? 

3.7 

3.4 

4.4 

3.8 

3.35 

3.25 

3.8 

3.6 

3.8 

3.4 
? 

? 

3.7 
? 

3.3 
? 

3.4 
? 

3.4 

Height 

phis's 


to the Facial and Other Parts of the Si 















































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


195 


Comparison of Average Measurements and Indices Relating to Prognathism 


Sex and Locality 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 
basion-alveolar 
point diameter 

Average 

basion-nasion 

diameter 

Average 

basion-middle of 
nasal notches 
diameter 

Average height 
from alveolar 
point to middle of 
nasal notches 

Average basi¬ 
facial angle 
(between 
basion-alve¬ 
olar point- 
nasion lines) 

Average alveo¬ 
lar angle 
(between 
basion-alveolar 
point- 

nasal notches 
lines) 

Males. 

Louisiana 

7 

cm. 

105 (10.0-11.0) 

cm. 

10.6 (10.4-11.1) 

cm. 

9.3 (9.0-9.8) 

cm. 

25 (2.1-2.75) 

degrees 

70 (68-73) 

degrees 
555 (48-61) 

Arkansas: 

Boytt’s Field 

10 

10.2 (9.8-10.7) 

10.4 (10.0-11.0) 

9.1 (8.8-9.7) 

2.2 (2.05-2.4) 

71 (66-74) 

55 (48-67) 

Arkansas: 

Menard and Greer cemeteries 

1 

10.7 . 

11.4 . 

9.8. 

2.3 . 

74. 

60. 








Arkansas: 

Drew and Mississippi counties 

5 

9.95 (9.5-10.S) 

10.35 (10.0-10.7) 

8.9 (8.5-9.5) 

2.3 (2.0-2.5) 

71 (67-73) 

57 (56-58) 

Females. 

Louisiana 

6 

9.7 (9.3-10.2) 

9.8 (9.5-10.7) 

85 (8.3-8.9) 

2.2 (1.95-2.4) 

70 (66-75) 

52 (49-57) 

Arkansas: 

Boytt’s Field 

4 

? 

9.8 (9.5-10.2) 

? 

? 

? 

? 

Arkansas: 

Menard and Greer cemeteries 

4 

10.1 (9.4-10.6) 

10.06 (9.9-10.2) 

9.0 (8.5-9.3) 

2.3 (1.7-2.9) 

68 (64-73) 

53 (51-56) 

Arkansas: 

Drew and Mississippi counties 

3 

9.6 (9.4-10.0) 

9.7 (9.5-9.8) 

8.4 (8.3-8.6) 

2.0 (1.85-2.15) 

<59 (66-71) 

51 (49-53)* 


* Two specimens. 


This similarity extends, in all probability, to the Arkansas skulls collected in 1908, 
though the small number of specimens in the latter collection give somewhat un¬ 
equal averages. 

The diameter frontal maximum, which can be considered in only the un¬ 
deformed specimens, averages perceptibly less in the female crania from both 
Louisiana and Arkansas than it does in the male skulls, but this is due merely 
to the smaller size of the female head. The average percental relation between 
the smallest and greatest frontal diameters is alike in the two sexes, though there 
appears a slight tendency toward a lower index in the female crania. The propor¬ 
tion between the two measurements is also very similar in the different localities. 

Foramen Magnum .—In all the groups of skulls here considered the mean 
diameter of the foramen magnum shows a higher average in the males than in the 
females; and in both sexes it is slightly higher in the Louisiana crania than in 
either of the groups from Arkansas. So far as the sexes are concerned, these dif¬ 
ferences are due probably to the difference in stature, for this factor has a decided 
effect on the size of the foramen. 

Lower Jaw .—In this series of skulls again, as in that from Arkansas, the lower 
jaw is of moderate dimensions throughout; yet the averages indicate that it is 
slightly higher than the lower jaws from Arkansas. 

Both the breadth and the height of the lower jaw are, as may be expected, 
perceptibly less in the females than in the males, but there are individual excep¬ 
tions in both sexes. 


























196 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


Frontal Bone—Foramen Magnum—Average Proportions and Their Comparison 


Sex and Locality 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average diameter 
frontal minimum 

(a) 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average diameter 
frontal maximum 
(6) 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average percental 
relation of 
a to b 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Foramen 
magnum : 
average 
diameter 

Males 

Louisiana 

17 

cm. 

9.6 (8.5-10.2) 

6 

cm. 

12.1 (11.7-12.8) 

6 

80 (74.8-83.0) 

10 

cm. 

3.45 (3.3-3.7) 

Arkansas: 

Boytt’s Field 

13 

9.6 (8.7-10.2) 

3 

11.9 (11.3-12.2) 

3 

81 (77.0-83.6) 

6 

3.3 (3.0-3.5) 

Arkansas: 

Menard and Greer 

3 

10.0 (9.8-10.15) 

1 

12.3 

1 

18 . 

2 

3.25 (3.15-3.35) 

cemeteries 






Arkansas: 

Drew and Missis¬ 
sippi counties 

23 

9.45 (8.4-10.7) 

11 

12.05 (11.4-13.3) 

11 

79J (73.7-84.9) 

14 

3.33 (3.05-3.7) 

Females 

Louisiana 

17 

9.4 (8.3-9.9) 

6 

11.7 (11.1-12.0) 

6 

79 (73.5-85.6) 

14 

3.18 (3.0-3.5) 

Arkansas: 

Boytt’s Field 

10 

9.3 (8.6-10.2) 

3 

11.3 (11.0-11.8) 

3 

81 (78.2-86.4) 

3 

3.13 (3.0-3.3) 

Arkansas: 

Menard and Greer 
cemeteries 

7 

9.2 (8.8-9.85) 

4 

11.9 (11.5-12.4) 

4 

77 (74.5-79.1) 

5 

3.15 (2.9-3.3) 

Arkansas: 

Drew and Missis¬ 
sippi counties 

13 

9.15 (8.1-9.5) 

7 

11J (11.2-12.0) 

7 

79 (76.3-82.6) 

8 

3.14 (3.0-3.3) 


Lower Jaw—Average Dimensions and Comparison 


Sex and Locality 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average bigonial 
diameter 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average angle 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average height 
at symphisis 

Males 


cm. 


degrees 


cm. 

Louisiana 

ii 

10.7 (9.5-11.6) 

13 

118 (109-131) 

ii 

3.75 (3.4-4.4) 

Arkansas: Boytt’s Field 

9 

10J (9.9-11.2) 

10 

120 (112-128) 

10 

3.65 (3.2-3.9) 

Arkansas : Menard and Greer cemeteries 

1 

10 9 

1 

lib. 5 . 

i 

3.40 

Arkansas: Drew and Mississippi counties 

8 

10.7 (10.0-11.9) 

8 

118 (108-126) 

7 

3.65 (3.2-4.0) 

Females 







Louisiana 

13 

10.0 (9.1-11.3) 

14 

121 (109-134) 

12 

3.40 (3.2-3.7) 

Arkansas: Boytt’s Field 

7 

9.9 (9.5-10.7) 

8 

122 (110-128) 

7 

3.47 (3.1-3.6) 

Arkansas : Menard and Greer cemeteries 

4 

9.95 (9.8-10.1) 

3 

125 (121-129) 

3 

3.30 (3.15-3.5) 


The angle of the lower jaw, which was measured whenever possible on both 
sides, was found—taking the Louisiana skulls of both sexes—equal on the two sides 
in two, larger on the right in six, and larger on the left in eight cases. Taking all 
the available specimens together, it was equal in five cases, larger on the right in 
twelve, and larger on the left in seventeen. These results seem to indicate that 
there is a slight tendency toward a larger angle on the left side. 

The sexual differences are again very slight. In the averages the female lower 
jaws of all the groups show a slightly wider angle, but, as an aid in sexual identi¬ 
fication in individual cases, that proportion in this particular region is of little 
value. 






























































197 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 

IV. 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA CRANIA. 

Cranial Vault. 

The conformation of the vault differs, naturally, in accordance with the type 
of the skull. As to the non-deforined brachycephalic specimens, practically the 
same description will apply as was given in last year’s report on the Menard and 
Greer crania: the forehead in these skulls is usually well built, though rather 
narrow in front; the sagittal region is either uniformly rounded from side to side 
or shows a small to moderate elevation along the sagittal suture; the parietal and 
occipital regions are uniformly convex, without any special protrusion of the parietal 
bossae or of the mid-occipital region. 

The temporal ridges, while usually fairly well marked, are in no case exceptional 
nor do they in any case approach near the sagittal line. On the occiput several of 
the specimens, mentioned specially in the paragraph on anomalies, show a pro¬ 
nounced, more or less extensive, torus. A number of skulls, including some of 
those with a torus, exhibit also a marked (in one case a very decided) depression in 
middle at and above the inion. This fossa is characteristic and is not accidental. It 
is observable in the Arkansas crania and occurs with greater or less rarity in Indian 
skulls from other parts of North America. It apparently served for an attach¬ 
ment either of a ligament (extreme part of the lig. nuchae) or of portions of the 
trapezius muscle. 

The more oblong Louisiana skulls are characterized : by a sagittal elevation 
more pronounced and broader than that occurring in the brachycephals, and this 
crest extends occasionally forward to the frontal bone ; by the greater frequency of 
a low forehead; by lesser convexity of the parietal regions but greater distinctness 
of the eminences; and by more or less protrusion of the occiput. 

Supra-orbital Ridges. 

Compared with what may be regarded as the average in whites, the supra¬ 
orbital ridges in the two series of skulls under consideration appear as follows d 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Small 

4 

6 

2 

6 

Moderate 

1 

4 

3 

11 

Well developed 

8 

1 

8 

1 

(about as me¬ 
dium in white 





males) 

Pronounced 

0 

0 

4 

0 


It is seen that of the male skulls (of the sexual determination of which there 

1 In 23 male and 13 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the supra-orbital ridges is ; None, M. 0, F. 1; small, M. 3, F. 10; moderate, M. 8, 
F. 0; well developed, M. 10, F. 2; pronounced, M. 2. 











198 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


can be no doubt in more than perhaps one instance) there are a number that show 
lack of development in these features, while on the other hand there are several 
female crania in which the ridges reach moderate dimensions, and two in which 
they approach closely in extent to what would be regarded as masculine. The 
rather limited development of the ridges in some of the males agrees with what has 
been observed in the 1908 series of skulls from Arkansas. 

Mastoids. 

As in the case of the Menard and Greer skulls, the mastoid processes in both 
the Arkansas and the Louisiana series often show only a moderate development in 
the males, while in the females they frequently exceed the average determined in 
the same sex in whites and in Indians from other regions. In detail the conditions, 
compared with white male and female standards respectively, are as follows : l 



Arkansas 


Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Small 

1 

0 

5 

0 

Moderate to 
medium 

11 

2 

6 

11 

Above medium 

1 

8 

6 

7 


The rather strong development of these processes in the Arkansas and Louis¬ 
iana females no doubt bears relation to a good development in this sex of the sterno- 
cleido-mastoid muscles, the growth of which was probably favored by the habitual 
carrying by these women of heavy jars and other burdens on their heads. 

Sutures. 

Serration .—The serration of the cranial sutures in Indians is generally less 
complicated than in the whites, and the Arkansas and Louisiana skulls here dealt 
with form no exception. The conditions are actually as follows : 2 



Arkansas 


Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Near medium 
in whites 

3 

0 

5 

0 

Sub-medium 
(2-3 Broca) 

6 

7 

10 

11 

More or less 
simple (1-2 
Broca) 

4 

3 

1 

6 


It is interesting to observe that the only skulls in which the serration ap¬ 
proaches the approximate average in whites are those of males, and that, on the 

1 In 23 male and 12 females Arkansas skulls of the earlier National Museum collections, the 
mastoids are (male compared to male and female to female standards): Small, M. 6, F. 0; medium, 
M. 16, F. 8; above medium, M. 1, F. 4. 

2 In 22 male and 13 female Arkansas skulls from the earlier collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the serration of sutures is : Near medium, M. 1, F. 0; sub-medium, M. 14, F. 8; more 
or less simple, M. 7, F. 5. 

















REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


199 


other hand, the simpler forms of the sutures are more frequent in the females in 
both of the groups. No regular relation has been observed between the grade of 
serration of the sutures and the size of the skull, though all the specimens in which 
the serration is best developed are large. Perhaps a very large series of skulls 
might produce more definite results. 

Pterions .—In all the crania, with one exception, the pterions are of the H 
type, i. e ., the articulation is spheno-parietal. The exception occurs in female skull 
255.213, from Louisiana, where on the left side the temporal squama forms a nar¬ 
row articulation with the frontal. No relation is apparent between the width of 
the spheno-parietal articulation and the sex or the size of the skull. As to locality, 
the male skulls from Louisiana average broader pterions than those from Arkansas, 
but the female crania from the two localities present approximately the same con¬ 
ditions. The details are as follows : l 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Pterion H-form 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Broad 

1 

2 

6 

2 

Medium 

6 

4 

10 

11 

Narrow 

3 

1 

0 

2 


Occlusion .—The order of external synostosis in the cranial sutures shows a 
number of interesting features as well as numerous irregularities. (See table, pp. 
200 , 201 .) 

The details show that, dorsally, synostosis begins in the majority of these 
crania in the coronal suture, and is followed in a short time by a similar process in 
the sagittal, temporo-occipital, and nasal sutures. The process next manifests itself 
in the greatest degree in the spheno-parietal and spheno-frontal articulations, and 
lastly in the lambdoid suture. The temporo-parietal articulation was found patent 
in all the specimens. 

The table shows that there are numerous individual irregularities in the ap¬ 
pearance and progress of the synostoses. In this particular series these irregulari¬ 
ties are doubtless augmented by the effect of the artificial deformations. 

As to localities in the different sutures at which synostosis begins, it was 
noticed that in the coronal it is almost invariably in the portions below and at the 
temporal ridges, following which points of obliteration appear along the median 
third of the suture; in the sagittal the most frequent points of beginning of the 
obliteration are the obelion and the summit; in the lambdoid it begins at various 
points in the median third and advances downward on each side; in the temporo- 
sphenoidal the parts that co-ossify earliest are the inferior portions; and in the nasal 
suture obliteration usually begins at its distal extremity. This fairly agrees with 
the results of observations on American crania from other localities. 2 The order of 

1 In 19 male and 11 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the pterions is: H-Form—Broad, M. 0, F. 2; medium, M. 6, F. 5; sub-medium, 
M. 10, F. 3; Narrow, M. 2, F. 1; K-Form—None. 

2 See the writer’s “Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California:,” Berkeley, 1906, 
University of California Publications, Yol. 4, No. 2, table 5. 











200 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


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REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


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202 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


occlusion among whites, according to data obtained by Hamy, Broca, and Topinard, 1 
is sagittal, coronal below temporal ridges, lambdoid, coronal about bregma, and, 
finally, temporo-parietal. In all probability obliteration of the frontal suture com¬ 
mences earlier and advances more rapidly in the Indian than in the whites; 
however, the precise differences in these respects between the two races remain to be 
determined by further observation. According to the writer’s experience there 
exist many individual variations in regard to suture occlusion in the whites also. 

Sutural Bones. —If we except a few specimens, sutural bones are scarce 
in both the Arkansas and the Louisiana crania. The same was observed in the 
series of Arkansas skulls described in 1908, and is evident in the collections of 
crania from Arkansas and Louisiana already in the National Museum from other 
sources. In three of the Arkansas and six of the Louisiana skulls of the present 
series no Wormian or other sutural bones at all are present. 

The sutural ossicles are not only few in number but they are generally small. 
They are found most frequently in the lambdoid, next in frequency being the tem- 
poro-occipital sutures and the squamo-mastoid angle. In two cases a sutural ossicle is 
present in the posterior extremity of the sagittal. In male skull 255.119, Arkansas, 
a small sutural bone exists between the two nasals; and in male skull 255.208, 
Louisiana, there is an epactal. In only two instances are there small epipterics. 

FACIAL FEATURES. 

Orbits. 

On the whole the orbits show nothing extraordinary. They differ quite 
widely in individuals, as shown in the measurements of height. There are no 
cases of very massive or of square orbits. 

Nasal Bones. Upper Maxillce. 

The nasion depression as a rule is fairly well marked in the males and more 
or less shallow in the females, being in both quite comparable with that in whites. 

The nasal bones usually have fair breadth. An exception to this, accom¬ 
panied with an abnormality of the right bone, has been mentioned (page 176), and 
there are two other cases in which the breadth of the bones is sub-medium. 

The nasal bridge averages moderate height. There are no high noses, and in 
three of the skulls the bridge is rather low. 

The inferior nasal border (that of the notches) is prevalently more or less dull, 
as seen from the following details : 2 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Border sharp as aver¬ 
age in whites 

5 

3 

2 

5 

Somewhat dull 

1 

3 

5 

9 

Dull 

5 

3 

7 

3 


1 Topinard, P., Elements d’Anthropologie Generale, Paris, 1885, p. 645. 

2 In 14 male and 7 female Arkansas skulls of the old National Museum collections, the condi¬ 
tion of the inferior nasal border is as follows: Border sharp, M. 7, F. 4; somewhat dull, M. 1, F. 0; 
dull, M. 5, F. 2; slight to moderate sub-nasal fossae were present in M. 6 and F. 0. 











REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


203 


In four additional cases the border is more or less dull on one side and sharp 
on the other. In one Arkansas male, one Arkansas female, and six Louisiana male 
crania, the dullness of the border is accompanied by small to well-marked sub-nasal 
fossae; and in one Arkansas female and two Louisiana male skulls there are sub¬ 
nasal grooves or gutters. In an additional Louisiana male skull (No. 255.215) a 
slight sub-nasal fossa occurs on the right, and a moderate groove on the left. These 
two manifestations are doubtless only modes of the same structural tendency. 

The nasal spine on the whole is less developed in Indian crania than in those 
of the whites, and the skulls of the series under consideration form no exception to 
this rule. They exhibit this feature as follows : l 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Well-developed nasal 
spine(about as aver¬ 
age in whites) 

1 

0 

4 

3 

Sub-medium height 
as well as protru¬ 
sion (= length) 

8 

7 

7 

9 

No height and sub¬ 
medium protrusion 

4 

2 

3 

4 


Prognathism has been treated under “ Measurements.” The protrusion of the 
alveolar processes ranges from what would be regarded as approximately medium 
in whites to that which is decidedly above such medium but does not equal the pro¬ 
trusion in the skulls of most members of the black races. In general the alveolar 
processes in the Arkansas and Louisiana skulls are regularly arched. There are 
no diastemas, and, on the other hand, in a few cases only is there any crowding. 
(See under Teeth , page 208.) 

Sub-orbital Fossce .—By this term the writer designates the entire large depres¬ 
sion extending over the anterior surface of the superior maxilla beneath the orbit 
and particularly beneath that portion of the malar bone which forms part of the 
lower border of the orbit. This depression, known imperfectly as the “ canine 
fossa,” is of some racial importance, since in some peoples it is generally much less 
developed than in others, and may even be wholly wanting, as in the case of many 
of the Eskimo. In Indians it often shows less depth than about the average in 
whites ; yet there are also localities from which some of the Indian crania, at least, 
show sub-orbital fossae of fair depth. As will be seen from the table (p. 204), 
this is somewhat the case in both the series of skulls under consideration. 2 

1 In 13 male and 7 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the nasal spine is; Well developed, M. 4, F. 0; sub-medium height as well as protru¬ 
sion, M. 6, F. 6; no height, sub-medium protrusion, M. 3, F. 1. 

2 In 13 male and 7 female skulls of the old National Museum collections, the condition of the 
sub-orbital fossae is as follows ; Well marked, M. 3, F. 5; sub-medium, M. 4, F. 1; shallow to absent, 
M. 6, F. 1. 












204 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Well-marked 

3 

1 

2 

9 

Sub-medium 

3 

3 

4 

6 

Shallow to absent 

5 

3 

6 

2 


The Lower Jaws. 

The lower jaws are generally of moderate dimensions, and all have a moder¬ 
ate to fairly well-marked prominence of the chin. In the skulls of seven of the 
Arkansas males, three of the Arkansas females, seven of the Louisiana males, 
and seven of the Louisiana females, the chin is more or less square. The bone is 
generally of good strength, but in no case very massive. The angles show a pro¬ 
nounced eversion in one case only, the lower jaw of female skull 255.103, Louisiana. 

Malar Bones. Zygomce. 

The malar bones , in both the Arkansas and the Louisiana series, generally 
show moderate to good development, and very few unusual features. The malar 
tuberosity, or torus is well marked in a few cases, and the same is true of the pro¬ 
cessus marginalis. None of the malar bones shows division, and there is not even 
a case of a marked fissure in the processus temporalis. 

The zygomce present nothing extraordinary. 

Base of the Skull. 

About the base of the skulls there are several features of racial significance to 
which attention has been directed by the writer already in several instances. These 
are, principally, the relative depression of the petrous portions of the temporal bones 
(as seen when the upturned skull is examined from above), and the size of the 
middle lacerated foramina. They are related to the development of the brain, 
vary, in general, directly with the mental activities of the individual, and their dif¬ 
ferences extend to entire groups of people. 

In a man or woman of the white race who has been well educated and has been 
well above the average in mental activity, the development of the brain has affected 
the skull in such a manner that the more yielding parts surrounding the petrous 
portions have been pressed outward, leaving the petrous portions themselves in a 
decided depression ; and as such skulls have also grown in breadth and length more 
than is usual, while the petrous portions remained unaltered, the middle lacerated 
foramina have become more spacious. In individuals in whom extraordinary 
mental activity, with consequent brain growth and skull expansion, has not been 
realized, the depression of the petrous portions and the size of the middle lacerated 
foramina remain small. In the child there is no depression of the former, and the 











REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


205 


size of the latter is insignificant. In people belonging to races not characterized by 
extraordinary mental activity, such as the negroes and the Australians, the inferior 
surface of the petrous portions is either level with or but slightly below both the 
neighboring surfaces of the basilar process and the sphenoid bone, and the middle 
lacerated foramina range from very small to small. Occasionally in these cases 
a flattened portion of the apex of the petrous part extends clear over on to the 
body of the sphenoid, leaving but a small lateral aperture representing the middle 
lacerated foramen. In the anthropoid apes, even those whose skulls are best de¬ 
veloped, the inferior surface of the petrous portions is slightly raised (as seen from 
above in the upturned skull) above the basilar process and the sphenoidal parts, while 
the foramina lacera media are either insignificant or entirely absent. Finally, 
in the lower monkeys and in quadrupeds there is a still more pronounced portion 
of the inferior part of the petrous wedge clear above (in upright position of the 
skull, below) the neighboring bone surfaces. 

It is thus seen that these two features, namely, (1) the depression of the petrous 
portions within the other structures of the base, and (2) the grade of depression and 
the size of the middle lacerated foramina, are of significance and always worthy of 
attention. In the Indian they range in general from what would be about medium 
in whites to approximately the average in the African negro; but they differ some¬ 
what according to locality. In the Arkansas and Louisiana crania of the present 
series, the conditions regarding these two features are as follows d 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Petrous Portions 





Level or almost level with 

3 

3 

0 

8 

the neighboring surfaces 





Slightly depressed 

4 

4 

7 

7 

Moderately depressed 

4 

2 

6 

3 

Well depressed 

0 

0 

1 

0 

Middle lacerated foramina 





Small 

4 

5 

3 

11 

Moderate 

4 

4 

8 

3 


The smaller Arkansas group does not clearly show sexual differences, but in 
the Louisiana series the female skulls indicate a decidedly inferior character, that 
is, extraordinary brain development is exhibited less frequently than in the males. 
Somewhat similar differences exist, according to the writer’s observations, also in 
the white race. 

The styloids are more often imperfectly developed or wanting altogether in the 
Indians than in whites; but there are individuals in whom the styloids reach propor¬ 
tions that would be regarded as average or well developed in whites, and the num¬ 
ber of such individuals may be larger in some localities than it is in others. In the 
Arkansas and Louisiana crania the conditions are as given in the table (p. 206). 

Paramastoids .—A slight to moderate, non-articular, irregular elevation, between 

1 In 15 male and 11 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the petrous portions is: Level, M. 1, F. 1 ; slightly depressed, M. 7, F. 9; moderately 
depressed, M. 5, F. 1; well depressed, M. 2, F. 0. 











206 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


the distal end of the jugular process and the condyle, in the region of the insertion 
of the rectus capitis lateralis muscle, is frequently met with in Indian crania, and 
those of the series under discussion form no exception. On the other hand, a large 
cylindrical and articular process, while by no means unknown in the Indians, is of 
rare occurrence. Regarding the present series, two of the male and one of the 
female skulls from Louisiana show moderate non-articular paramastoids, while one 
cranium (female No. 255.103) has on the right side an articular process 0.9 cm. 
high and of equal diameter. 1 

The posterior condyloid foramina are less often absent or diminutive in the 
Indian skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana than in those of whites. There are in all 
28 skulls in which these structures can be examined, and of these they are normal 


Condition of Styloids.* 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Styloids approxi¬ 
mately as well 
developed as in 
average whites 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

of same sex 

S 

3 

9 

5 

Sub-medium 

3 

2 

1 

5 

Small 

0 

1 

1 

4 

Rudimentary or 
absent (in lat¬ 
ter case only a 
small base be¬ 
ing visible) 

2 

5 

2 

2 

Special 

1 Right rudimentary ; 

left sub-medium 

1 Right medium ; left 
rudimentary 


1 Right sub-medium ; 
left only base 

1 Right very small; left 
moderate 

1 Right base only; left 
medium 

1 Right sub-medium ; 
left medium 

1 Right moderate; left 
only base 

1 Right only base ; left 
rudimentary 


* In 20 male and n female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, the condition of the styloids is as 
follows: Medium, M. 8, F. i; sub-medium, M. 5, F. o; rudimentary or absent, M. 4, F. 6. Special: Males, 1 = right, medium, left only 
base ; 1 = no trace of even the bases ; 1 — right rudimentary, left medium ; Females, 1 = no trace of even the bases ; 1 = right rudimen¬ 
tary, left medium ; 1 = right sub-medium, left medium ; 1 = right rudimentary, left base only. 

in 23, or 82 per cent. Of the remaining 5 skulls, one of the canals is wholly occluded 
in two and partly occluded in three. The obliteration occurs in male as well as in 
female skulls; it is present twice on the right side and three times on the left. 

The jugular foramen is found, as in whites, to be more frequently larger on 
the right side, as will be seen by the following table : 2 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

About equal 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Right larger 

5 

2 

9 

10 

Left larger 

3 

2 

2 

1 


1 In 12 male and 10 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the para-mastoidsis as follows: Moderate non-articular elevation on each side; M. 0, F. 2. 

2 In 20 male and 11 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, 
the condition of the jugular foramina is: About equal, M. 0, F. 0; right larger, M. 18, F. 10; left 
larger, M. 2, F. 1. 





















REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


207 


The spinous processes in the collection under examination offer numerous irreg¬ 
ularities, being sometimes unusually developed. The variations in this particular 
structure, though of no great importance, will well repay a separate thorough study. 

A feature of frequent occurrence in skulls of Indians, as well as of whites, is 
the projections of bone arising on one side from the spinous process or the vicinity 
thereof, and on the other from the superior or inferior part of the external pterygoid 
plate. Occasionally these processes join and give rise to a pterygo-spinous or 
pterygo-sphenoidal foramen. The significance of these structures, notwithstanding 
the fact that they have long been well known to anatomists, and are recognized as 
being formed by ossification of fibrous bands connecting the different points, is not 
yet so clear as might be desired. 

In the Arkansas and Louisiana crania a greater or lesser tendency toward the 
formation of the inferior pterygo-spinous foramen was observed, but other condi¬ 
tions, as indicated below, were likewise noted. 


Pterygo-spinous Foramina.* 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Tendency to su¬ 
perior pterygo- 
spinous fora¬ 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

men, both sides 
Tendency to in¬ 
ferior pterygo- 
spinous fora¬ 
men : 

3 

0 

0 

0 

Right 

1 

0 

1 

3 

Left 

1 

0 

0 

1 

Both sides 

0 

0 

2 

5 

Inferior pterygo- 
spinous for¬ 
amen from 
three-fifths to 
nearly com¬ 
plete 

255.119, right ?; left 
four-fifths 

255.141, right three- 
fifths; left four- 
fifths 

255.152, right ?; left 
nearly complete 

0 

255.115, right half; 
left nearly complete 

255.211, right three- 
fifths; left three- 
fifths 

255.215, right nearly 
complete; left near¬ 
ly complete 

255.217, right two- 
thirds ; left nearly 

255.095, right nearly 
complete; and ten¬ 
dency also on each 
side to superior for¬ 
amen 

255.105, right nearly 
complete; left nearly 
complete 

Inferior foramen 
complete 

255.127, right com¬ 
plete ; left nearly 
complete 

255.143, pterygo-sphe¬ 
noidal complete on 
left (tendency on 
right) 

complete 

255.201, pterygo-spin¬ 
ous complete on left 
(slight tendency on 
right) 

255.218, pterygo-sphe¬ 
noidal complete on 
each side 

0 


* In 14 male and 7 female Arkansas skulls from the old collections in the National Museum, the condition of the pterygo- 
spinous foramina is as follows: No trace, M. 3, F. 1; tendency to superior, M. 2, F. 1; tendency to inferior, M. 9, F. 4; inferior com¬ 
plete, M. 1, F. o; inferior lateral (pterygo-sphenoidal) complete, M. o, F. 1. 


Defects of ossification in the floor of the auditory meatus. —Of such defects, or 
dehiscences (Hyrtl), which are very frequent and often large in the case of Indians 













208 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


in some parts of the Western Hemisphere, particularly in Peru, the skulls from 
Arkansas and Louisiana show the following instances : l 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

No defects 

12 

7 

14 

11 

With defects 

1 

2 

3 

7 


Of the 22 skulls from Arkansas, defects in the floor of the meatus are present 
in three (= 14 per cent.); of the 35 skulls from Louisiana, such defects are found 
in 10 (= 29 per cent.). 

Taking into consideration the 10 Arkansas skulls described last year, and the 
30 additional skulls in the National Museum collections—a total of 62 from that 
State—a unilateral or bilateral dehiscence is present in 10, or 16 per cent. 

Unfortunately there are only 4 additional skulls from Louisiana in the Museum. 
Adding this number to those above given, it is found that of the 39 skulls from that 
State, 10 show a defect in the floor of the meatus, on one or both sides, or in 26 per 
cent, of the total. These figures indicate an excess of the abnormality in the 
Louisiana crania. 

As to sex, the abnormality is more frequent in the females. Of the 30 male 
skulls in the present series it occurs in 4, or 13 per cent.; while of the 27 females 
it exists in 9, or 33 per cent. Taking all the available skulls from both Arkansas 
and Louisiana, aggregating 60 males and 47 females, 7 of the former, or approxi¬ 
mately 12 per cent., and 12 of the latter, or nearly 26 per cent., exhibit the condi¬ 
tion. These results illustrate that, at least in Arkansas and Louisiana, the defects 
of ossification in the floor of the auditory meatus are more than twice as common in 
the skulls of females as in those of males. 

Teeth. 

The condition of the dentition is shown in the table on page 209. 

There is only a single instance of a supernumerary tooth (see under Abnormali¬ 
ties of Teeth ); and there are no pronounced defects in the form of the teeth remain¬ 
ing and in condition for examination. 

In size the teeth in every case are moderate, not exceeding the average in 
whites. This applies to all except the third molars, which occasionally are small. 
(See the details following.) 

More or less wear is exhibited in the teeth of all the skulls. It is evident that 
this process commences early in adult life, and occasionally before. No case of ex¬ 
treme wear came to notice. In a number of the crania the wear of the teeth is not 
uniform over the whole denture. 

1 In 22 male and 10 female skulls from Arkansas of the old collections in the National Museum, 
such defects are as follows: No defects, M. 19, F. 8; small to moderate defects, M. 3, F. 2. 











REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


209 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 


Females 

Males 


Females 

Dentition com¬ 







plete above; 
(below ?) 

2 


0 

2 


1 

Complete below; 

0 


2 

2 


1 

(above ?) 
Complete above 

8 


2 

6 


7 

and below 
Defects 

255.123, upper 

third 

255.129, upper com¬ 

255.104, upper 

third 

255.113, upper third 


left molar 

never 

plete ; lower third 

right molar 

never 

left molar never 


erupted; below 

molar never erupted 

erupted ; lower 

erupted ; right ? 


complete 



complete 




255.128, upper 

corn- 

2 5 5.1 4 7, upper?; 
lower third right 

255.210, upper 
right molar 

third 

255.216, upper third 


plete; lower 

third 

never 

molars never erup¬ 


molars never 
ted 

erup- 

molar never erupted 

erupted; lower ? 

ted ; lower complete 


255.152, upper 

third 






molar never 

erup- 






ted; lower 
plete 

com- 






The upper incisors , when present and well preserved, show generally the 
shovel-like, sharply outlined ventral concavity so characteristic of these teeth in 
the Indians, and to which attention has hitherto been called by the writer. 

The number and the morphological characters of the cusps on the molars, when 
the latter are sufficiently preserved to permit observation, resemble those in whites. 
The number of cusps on the different molars is as follows : 


Cuspid Formula of the Molars 



Museum 

No. 

Upper 

Lower 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

1st 

[ 2d 

3d 

1st 

2d 

3d 

1st 

2d 

3d 

1st 

2d 

3d 

Arkansas Males 

225.124 

4 

31* 

3 

4 

4 

? 



? 





.126 

4 

4 

3 

? 

? 

? 

5 

4 

4 I 

5 

4 

4§ 


.127 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

? 

5 

4 * 

6 

5 

41 

? 


.145 

4 

3| 

3 

4 

3* 

3 

5 

? 

? 

5 

? 

? 


.150 

4 

3* 

3 

4 

3£ 

3 

5 

4 

4 i 

5 

4 

k 

Arkansas Females 

255.130 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

5 

4 

4 I 

5 

4 

3? 

Louisiana Males 

255.107 

4 


3 

4 

3 

:r 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

f 

Louisiana Females 

255.116 

4 

3 

? 

4 

3 

“ 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 


.117 

4 

4 

? 

4 

4 

“ 

5 

4 

3| 

5 

4 

41 


.202 

4 

4 

3 

1 4 

4 

? 

5 

5 

? 

5 

5 

? 


* Cusps designated by halves are those decidedly smaller than the regular cusps, yet clearly marked. The upper 
figure in each case expresses the number of these small cusps. 


Abnormalities of the teeth are in detail as follows : 

In male skull 255.121, Arkansas, both upper third molars are, as indicated by 
the alveoli, small in size. 

In male skulls 255.123, 255.145, and 255.150, Arkansas, the upper front teeth 
show slight crowding. 

In male skull 255.149, Arkansas, the right upper third molar is small. 

In female skull 255.129, Arkansas, the right upper second bicuspid has a tri¬ 
lobe root. 

27 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIV. 









































210 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


In female skull 255.130, Arkansas, both upper third molars are of sub-medium 
dimensions. 

In male skull 255.107, Louisiana, the upper third molars are sub-medium in 

size. 

In male skull 255.115, Louisiana, there is a moderate crowding of the upper 
front teeth. 

In male skull 255.210, Louisiana, the right lower third molar points forward 
and upward, while the left upper third molar is of sub-medium size. 

In female skull 255.116, Louisiana, the right upper third molar is diminutive. 
In female skull 255.202, Louisiana, the upper third molars are sub-medium in 

size. 

In female skull 255.216, Louisiana, there is a supernumerary tooth between 
the right upper lateral incisor and canine ; it is smaller than the incisor, but much 
like it in form. 

Diseased Teeth .—Decayed teeth, while not very common or numerous, are 
nevertheless quite frequent in the Louisiana crania, and in even a greater degree 
the same is true of teeth lost during life, doubtless due to caries in the great 
majority of cases. The conditions in this respect, so far as could be ascertained, 
are as follows: 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Skulls with no teeth 
decayed or lost dur¬ 
ing life 

7 

1 

5 

3 

Skulls with one or 
more teeth decayed 
or lost during life 

6 

7 

11 

IS 


It was not possible in all cases to determine the sequence of the decay; it is 
nevertheless plain that among the people of both Louisiana and Arkansas, the first 
teeth affected by caries, both in frequency and time, were the molars, then the bi¬ 
cuspids, lastly the more anterior teeth. Regarding the latter, only one case of 
caries was observed in the canines, and the incisors that remain are all healthy, 
but in many instances the loss of one or more of these teeth makes the observation 
incomplete. 

Y. 

MEASUREMENTS AND DESCRIPTION OF THE BONES. 

Bones other than Skulls. 

The measurements and observations concerning the Arkansas and Louisiana 
bones will be most conveniently presented together, as are the descriptive notes on 
the crania of the two series. Like the skulls, they present many similarities. There 
are slight differences here and there, but on the whole the data regarding both the 










REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


211 


long and the other bones serve to strengthen the conclusion that we are dealing 
with two groups of the same people, or rather of the same mixture of people. 

The separation of the bones pertaining to individuals respectively with rounded 
and with oblong skulls would have been desirable, but, for reasons already given, 
this has not been feasible. 

On the whole the specimens show all the characteristics exhibited by Indian 
bones, though some of these characteristics, such as platycnemy, are less pronounced 
or are less general than in the case of bones from other localities. 

Many of the bones are diseased ; these are dealt with in the final section of the 
report. Arthritic conditions are common, and inflammatory lesions, which in all 
probability can be ascribed to syphilis, also are frequent. 

As to anomalies, those of an important nature rarely occur in the Arkansas 
series. The fifth lumbar vertebra of male skeleton 255.127 shows a defect in fusion 
of the laminae And the right patella of male skeleton 255.141 is characterized by 
an unusually pronounced vastus externus notch (Fig. 9 d). 

Among the Louisiana bones the left female humerus 255.108 shows a peculiar 
irregular exostosis back of the lower third of the deltoid ridge (Fig. 5, e). Right 
tibia of male skeleton 255.100 shows a pronounced popliteal ridge 16.0 cm. long. 
The right innominate bone of male skeleton 255.210, and the right and left inno¬ 
minate bones of female skeleton 255.105, have the medio-iliac foramen. The sacrum 
of 255.217, male, shows a considerable enlargement of the right transverse mass of 
its first segment and a large irregular facet thereon, by which it articulates with 
the enlarged lateral process of the last lumbar vertebra (Fig. 8). The seventh 
cervical vertebra of male 255.215 shows a foramen 5 by 2.5 mm. (defect of fusion 
in its spinous process), slightly distad from the middle (Fig. 9 a). 

The first dorsal of 255.212, female, shows a peculiar lateral process on the left 
side, appearing like an anchylosed accessory rib, though both regular costal articular 
facets are present (Fig. 9 b). Finally, the fourth lumbar of 255.219, female, shows 
a separation of the posterior part of its neural arch, and its articulation with the 
pedicles by a very irregular facet on each side; both the third and fifth lumbars 
being normal (Fig. 9 c). 

The Humerus. 

The total number of paired humeri is 92, representing 28 males and 18 females. 
Their average length ranges in the males from 32.6 to 32.7 cm., and in the females 
from 29.8 to 32.0 cm., almost exactly the averages obtained by the writer from 
observations on 378 male and 133 female white Americans from eastern United 
States. 1 The relation between the female and male arm-bones is approximately as 
92 to 100, which also is equal to that in whites. This length of humerus would 
correspond, according to Manouvrier’s standards, to a stature average of about 
166 cm. in males and about 154 cm. in females. This point will be dealt with 
again under Femur (page 215). 

i This and additional material which will be here referred to is in preparation for special publication. 


212 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


The dimensions of the shaft at the middle show an average lateral diameter 1 
very nearly as large as in the whites; but the average antero-posterior diameter 2 is 
decidedly smaller. This is best shown in the percental relation of these two 
diameters, or index of the shaft at middle. This in the writer’s series of 304 white 
American males averages on the right 81.6, and on the left 83.9; and in 97 Ameri¬ 
can females, on the right 78.8, and on the left 79.6. In the Indians under con¬ 
sideration, the same index averages 74.4 (Arkansas) and 76.8 (Louisiana) on the 
right, and 75.4 (Arkansas) and 77.8 (Louisiana) on the left in the males; while in 
the females it is 69.8 (Arkansas) and 73.1 (Louisiana) on the right, with 73.1 
(Arkansas) and 73.9 (Louisiana) on the left. These proportions show that the 
humeri of the Arkansas and Louisiana Indians are both weaker and flatter than 
those of the average white Americans. In both the white and the Indian, and in 
both sexes, the left humerus shows a higher index of the shaft than the right bone; 
this is due to the fact that its lateral diameter is smaller, as compared with that of 
the right humerus, while the difference is less in its antero-posterior dimension on 
the two sides. 


Humerus—Length : Dimensions and Index at Middle. Radius—Length : Radio-humeral Index 




Num¬ 


Num¬ 

Average 

| Num¬ 

Average diam¬ 

Num¬ 

Average 

Num¬ 

Average 

length 

Num¬ 

Average 

Sex 

Side 

ber of 

Average length 

ber of 

diameter 

ber of 

eter antero¬ 

ber of 

index 

ber of 

ber of 

and Locality 

speci¬ 

(maximum) 

speci¬ 

lateral at 

speci¬ 

posterior at 

speci¬ 

of shaft 

speci¬ 

(maximum) 

speci¬ 

radio-humeral 

index 



mens 


mens 

middle 

mens 

middle 

mens 

at middle 

mens 

of radius 

mens 

Males 



cm. 


cm. 


cm. 


cm. 


cm. 



Arkansas: 

Right 

9* 

32.7 

(29.5-34.2) 

10 

2.3 

(2.0-2.6) 

10 

1.70 

(1.55-1.85) 

10 

74.4 

(69.4-83.7) 

3 

25.0 

(24.4-25.7) 

3 

75.6 

(75.3-77.9) 

Boytt’s Field 

Left 

9 

32.6 

(29.4-64.2) 

10 

2.2 

(1.95-2.35) 

10 

1.67 

(1.5-1.8) 

10 

75.4 

(72.7-80.9) 

3 

24.7 

(24.1-25.5) 

3 

75.0 

(74.2-79.0) 


Right 

19 

32.7 

(30.6-35.2) 

18 

23 

(1.85-2.7) 

18 

1.76 

(1.35-1.95) 

18 

76.8 

(64.6-90.7) 

10 

25.3 

(24.1-26.5) 

9 

77.8 

(74.6-80.1) 

Louisiana 









Left 

19 

32.7 

(30.2-35.8) 

18 

2.2 

(1.85-2.7) 

18 

1.74 

(1.35-2.05) 

18 

77.8 

(68.1-89.1) 

10 

25.1 

(22.9-26.5) 

9 

77.6 

(72.9-80.5) 

Females 

Arkansas: 

Right 

2 

28.9 

(27.6-30.2) 

5 

2.05 

(1.8-2.2) 

5 

1.4 

(1.3-1.6) 

5 

69.8 

(66.7-72.7) 

- 

— 

- 

— 

Boytt’s Field 

Left 

2 

28.9 

(28.0-29.9) 

5 

2.0 

(1.75-2.2) 

5 

1.4 

(1.15-1.6) 

5 

70.3 

(65.0-80.0) 

- 

-• 

- 

— 


Right 

13 

30.2 

(28.3-32.0) 

13 

2.05 

(1.8-2.2) 

13 

1.5 

(1.35-1.6) 

13 

73.1 

(67.5-80.6) 

14 

22.7 

(21.9-23.7) 

6 

76.2 

(74.2-78.6) 

Louisiana 













Left 

13 

29.8 

(28.1-32.0) 

13 

2.0 

(1.9-2.2) 

13 

13 

(1.3-1.6) 

13 

73.9 

(63.4-84.2) 

14 

22.6 

(21.6-24.1) 

6 

77.4 

(75.2-80.6) 


* Applies to pairs only. 


1 Parallel with the anterior surface of the bone. 

2 At right angles to its anterior surface. 


































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


213 


The shape of the shaft in cross-section at middle approaches, for the greater 
part (as will be seen from the details given below), the prismatic, or a prismatic 
with a broadening of the anterior border into a fourth surface. There is also a fair 
percentage of plano-convex humeri which represent the juvenile form. 


Humerus—Shape of Shaft at Middle (a). 


Types of Shape 


Arkansas 


Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Number of specimens ex¬ 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right Left 

Right Left 







amined 

11 

11 

5 

6 

1 21 21 

19 j 18 

Types: 







1 or near 1 (£) 

3 

4 

3 

1 

9 9 

17 12 

2 or near 2 (c) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12 

0 2 

4 or near 4 ( d) 

5 

4 

1 

1 

4 9 

1 3 

p. c. or near p. c. (tf) 

3 

3 

1 

4 

7 1 

1 1 


a See, in this regard, as well as in connection with the same item under other headings, Hrdlicka, A., 
Typical Forms of Shaft of Long Bones, Proc. Ass. Amer. Anat., 14th Sess., 1900, p. 55 et seq. 
b Ordinary prismatic. 
c Lateral prismatic. 

d Anterior border at and below middle is broadened into a fourth surface. 
e Plano-convex. 


The torsion was found, barring a few individual exceptions, to be moderate. 

The deltoid eminence, while generally well marked, is pronounced only in the 
humeri of one skeleton, namely, female 255.130, Arkansas. 

None of the humeri examined bears more than a trace of the supra-condyloid 
process. 

The articular extremities show the usual sex differences. 

The septum between the coronoid and the olecranon fossae is defective in a 
large proportion of these humeri. These defects appear to be more common in the 
Arkansas series than in that from Louisiana, and, as usual, they are decidedly more 
frequent in the females than in the males. As to the sides, there is in these series 
a slight preponderance of the defects on the right, which is contrary to the rule, 
and is probably accidental. As in other cases the perforation is often found on 
both sides of the body. The relatively great frequency of these defects, which are 
formed principally during childhood, by physiological absorption of the bone com¬ 
posing the septum, will be noted from the fact that, among 2371 humeri of whites 
of both sexes, examined by the writer, such defects existed only in 99, or 4.2 per 
cent. In the following table are presented the details in regard to this peculiarity 
in the humeri under consideration. 



















214 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


Humerus—Defects of the Septum 


Defects 


Arkansas 



Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Total number of speci¬ 
mens examined 

11 

1 2 

4 

6 

18 

23 

20 

17 

Defects: pin-point 

- 

1 

- 

— 

2 

- 


- 

small 

3 

2 

1 

— 

- 

2 


4 

medium 

— 

3 

2 

3 

- 

3 

7 

6 

large 

2 

1 

— 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

special 

— 

— 

— 

i - 

— 

1(a) 


— 

Total defects 

5 

7 

3 

4 

3 

7 

8 

12 

Percentage of bones with 
defects 

45% 

58% 

75% 

i 67% 

165% 

30% 

40% 

71% 

Percentage of bones with 
defects according to 
locality 

Percentage of bones with 
defects according to 
sex 

Percentage of bones with 
defects according to 
side 

Arkansas, 58% 

Males, 345% 

Right, 575% 


Louisiana, 385% 

Females, 575% 

Left, 41.2% 



(a) Shows two perforations. 


The Radius. 

As with the humerus, the dimensions of the radius are quite similar in the 
Arkansas and Louisiana skeletons; and, as in whites, the bone averages slightly 
longer on the right side. In strength and curvature the radii of both groups are 
generally moderate. 

The principal interest of the radius lies in the comparison of its length with 
that of the humerus, or in the so-called radio-humeral index. This proportion is 
decidedly greater in Indians than in whites, showing that the Indian forearm is 
relatively longer, a feature common to the less advanced races. The examination 
of the bones of 526 white males and 212 white females gave the writer an average 
radio-humeral index of 73.6 for the former and 72.8 for the latter. In the Indians, 
as is seen in the above table, the index averages approximately 75.3 for the 
Arkansas and 77.7 for the Louisiana males, with 76.8 for the Louisiana females. 
Both in whites and in Indian males it is slightly higher on the right than on the 
left; the small group of female skeletons from Louisiana form an exception. 
























REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


215 


The Ulna. 

The average dimensions of the ulna are given in a table in the section on 
Fibulae (page 220). There are only 39 ulnae in condition to permit measurement. 

The bones of the right side exceed perceptibly in length those of the left side, 
in both the males and the females. The curvature is usually fairly well marked. 
The pronator quadratus ridge is generally well developed, and occasionally, as in 
female ulna 255.219, Louisiana, is pronounced. The shape of the shafts of the 
ulnae is given in the next table. The shafts, it is seen, are chiefly prismatic; but 
there are also numerous cases in which there are four instead of three distinct sur¬ 
faces, due to duplication of the posterior plane, and many instances in which one 
or more of the surfaces are pronouncedly concave. 


Ulna—Shape of Shafts at Middle 


Types of Shape 


Arkansas 


Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number of specimens 









examined 

6 

9 

2 

1 

16 

14 

19 

17 

Types: 









1 (a) 

4 

4 

i 

1 

4 

4 

7 

9 

3 (b) 

2 

2 


— 

2 

5 

3 

1 

3a (c) 

— 

— 


— 

— 

— 

2 

2 

3b (rf) 

— 

2 

i 

— 

1 

— 

1 

1 

4 W 

- 

1 

— 


7 

4 

6 

3 

Unclassified 

- 

- 

— 

■ 

2 

1 

— 

1 


a Prismatic or near prismatic. b Flexor surface concave. c Extensor surface concave. 

d Both flexor and extensor surfaces concave. e Four surfaces well defined. 


The Femur. 

The length of the femur in the Arkansas and Louisiana groups shows slight 
differences, but as these are unequal in the two sexes, they are probably without 
significance. The length of the female femur is to that of the male approximately 
as 92 to 100, the same relation as with the humeri. In most of the subdivisions the 
left bone is of very slightly greater average length than the right, a phenomenon 
observed also in whites and in other races. 

Additional measurements of the femur pertain to the sub-trochanteric flatten¬ 
ing, which in the whites has been studied principally by Manouvrier. 1 Of this 

1 Manouvrier, L., La Platym&rie. 46. The same, La Platym&rie. C.-R. du Congr. intern. 
d’Anthrop., Paris, 1889. 47. The same, La Platym&rie. Rev. mens, de l’Ecole d’Anthrop. de Paris, 
1892. 51. The same, Etude sur les variations morphologiques du corps du f6mur dans l’esp£ce humaine. 
Bull, de la Soc. d’Anthrop. de Paris, 1893. 

See also, for additional bibliography and observations: Klaatsch, H., Die Wichtigsten Variationen 
am Skelet der Freien Unteren Extremitat des Menschen und ihre Bedeutung fur das Abstammungs- 
problem. Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte, X, Wiesbaden, 1900, p. 599, et seq. 





















216 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


flattening, which is more pronounced in Indians than in whites, two measurements 
were taken, namely, the greatest lateral and the smallest antero-posterior diameter. 
The percental relation of these dimensions gives the index of the flattening. This 
index, it is seen, is lower in the females than in the males, showing that the female 
femur is the flatter at this point. As to the two sides, it differs but little. In 
the two areas under consideration, the index of flattening is perceptibly higher in the 
femora of the Arkansas males than in those of Louisiana. The female groups show an 
opposite condition, but this may be due to the small number of specimens obtained. 


Femur—Length : Measurements and Index of Subtrochanteric Flattening 


Sex 

and Locality 

Side 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 
bicondylar 
length of 
femur 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average mini¬ 
mum breadth 
at subtrochan¬ 
teric flattening 
( a) 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

1 

Average mini¬ 
mum thickness 
at subtrochan¬ 
teric flattening 
(b) 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Index of 
platymery 

(~, ) 

Males 



cm. 


cm. 


cm. 



Arkansas: 

f Right 

14 

45.6 

(42.0-48.8) 

15 

3.2 

(2.75-3.65) 

15 

2J 

(2.15-2.75) 

15 

76.7 

(70.4-84.6) 

Boytt’s Field 

( Left 

14 

45.6 

(42.1-48.7) 

15 

3.2 

(2.8-3.5) 

15 

2J 

(2.2-2.75) 

15 

76.6 

(72.1-80.8) 


( Right 

19 

44.1 

(39.9-48.3) 

23 

3.3 

(3.0-3.6) 

23 

2.4 

(2.0-2.7) 

23 

74.2 

(65.6-86.7) 

Louisiana 







( Left 

19 

44.2 

(39.8-48.4) 

23 

3.3 

(2.9-3.6) 

23 

2.4 

(2.0-2.7) 

23 

74.6 

(64.7-83.3) 

Females 

( Right 

A 

41.0 

ft 

3.2 

n 

2 2 

ft 

69.5 

Arkansas: 


(38.9-42.4) 

D 

(3.15-3.35) 

i 

(1.75-2.45) 

o 

(54.7-75.4) 

Boytt’s Field 

( Left 

4 

41.2 

(39.2-42.8) 

6 

3.2 

(3.05-3.3) 

7 

2.2 

(1.70-2.45) 

6 

70.2 

(53.1-78.7) 


f Right 

12 

41.25 

(38.8-43.1) 

13 

3.05 

(2.8-3.3) 

13 

2.2 

(105-2.4) 

13 

72.9 

(62.1-81.1) 

Louisiana 

J 









( Left 

12 

41.3 

(38.4-43.3) 

13 

3.05 

(2.85-3.3) 

13 

2.2 

(2.0-2.35) 

13 

72.2 

(63.5-81.0) 


The relation between the length of the humerus and the length of the femur, 
or humero-femoral index, approaches 72 in this series, or nearly the same as is 
observed in whites. 

The shaft is massive and generally well developed. 

The linea aspera, as will be seen by the following notes, is in numerous cases 
exceptionally high, giving the so-called pilasteric character to the shaft; but this 
feature is plainly a compensatory one, for a more than ordinarily greater backward 
bending of the shaft, about or above its middle, is present in these bones. 

The shape of the shaft predominantly approaches the prismatic, but pure types 
of this form are rare. Next in frequency is the elliptical shape, followed by the 
plano-convex. It is interesting to note that the plano-convex shaft is found only 
in the males. A somewhat similar condition prevails in the case of the round 
shaft, while, on the other hand, the elliptical form is much more frequent in the 
female femora. 

































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


217 


Femur—Linea Aspera 


Condition of 


Arkansas 



Louisiana 


Linea Aspera 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Number of specimens 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

examined 

16 

17 

7 

6 

28 

23 

16 

18 

Medium 

5 

5 

7 

6 

13 

17 

13 

14 

High 

7 

9 

— 

- 

11 

3 

3 

4 

Very high 

4 

3 

— 

— 

4 

8 

— 

— 


Femur—Shape of Shaft at Middle 


Types of Shape 


Arkansas 



Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left j 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number of specimens 









examined 

14 

16 

7 

6 

25 

21 

17 

17 

Types :* 









1 or near 1 

8 

9 

4 

2 

14 

12 

1° 

8 

e or near e 

— 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

6 

8 

r or near r 

1 

1 

— 

1 

5 

2 

— 

— 

4 or near 4 

— 

- 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

p. c. (6) or near 

5 

5 

— 

- 

2 

2 

— 



*/ Ordinary prismatic. 
e Elliptical. 
r Round. 

4 Anterior surface divided by a vertical ridge into two surfaces. 
p. c. (or 6) piano convex. 

As will be seen in the next table, gluteal tuberosities, or third trochanters, are 
fairly numerous, particularly in the bones from Louisiana. This process is also 
slightly more frequent in this series among the females than among the males. 
The oblong form is decidedly more numerous than the rounded one. 

Individual specimens that deserve separate notice, in addition to those men¬ 
tioned in Section VI, are as follows: 

Male femora 255.121, 255.128, 255.141, Arkansas: Angle of neck of these 
specimens on both sides is very obtuse. 

Right male femur 255.124, Arkansas : Exceptional grade of torsion. 

Female femur 255.130, Arkansas: The shaft shows on the antero-external 
surface, upper third, a smooth, bony elevation, 2.3 cm. long, 0.4 cm. high, and 1.4 
cm. broad. 

Right male femur 255.205, Louisiana : Torsion pronounced; left bone ? 


28 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIV. 






































218 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


Female femora 255.105a, Louisiana: Both show marked torsion. 

Female right femur 255.112, Louisiana : The gluteal tuberosity is 4.0 cm. long 
and 1.0 cm. high. 


Femora—Third Trochanter, or Gluteal Tuberosity 


Variety of 

Third Trochanter 


Arkansas 



Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number of specimens 
examined 

13 

15 

7 

6 

27 

21 

17 

19 

Small rounded 

— 

1* 

- 

1 

1 

2 

- 

— 

Small oblong 

2 

- 

4 

2 

6 

6 

5 

5 

Medium rounded 

1 

- 

- 

— 

1 

— 

2 

1 

Medium oblong 

1 

1 

- 

1 

4 

4 

1 

4 

Pronounced rounded 

— 

— 

- 

- 

— 

- 

— 

1 

Pronounced oblong 

- 

1 

— 

- 

2 

1 

4 

1 

Absent 

9 

12 

3 

2 

13 

8 

5 

7 

Percentage of bones with 
third trochanter, all 
grades and varia¬ 
tions 

31% 

20% 

57% 

67% 

52% 

62% 

71% 

63% 

Percentage of bones with 
third trochanter, ac¬ 
cording to locality 

Percentage of bones with 
third trochanter, ac¬ 
cording to sex 

Arkansas, 36J%> 

Males, 55% 


Louisiana, 61 %> 

Females, 65%> 



* Three moderately rounded tubercles. 


The Tibia. 

The length of the tibirn, like that of the femora, averages slightly greater in the 
male skeletons from Arkansas than in those from Louisiana; as to the females, the 
bones from Arkansas are too few in number to be of value for comparison. The 
right tibia averages slightly longer than the left. The relation of the length of the 
tibia to that of the femur, i. e the tibio-femoral index, which ranges in whites from 
about 80 to 81, is perceptibly greater in the skeletons under consideration, especially 
those from Louisiana. It is a curious local peculiarity that this index, in both 
males and females, is somewhat higher in Louisiana than in Arkansas. The sexual 
differences, as in whites, are quite immaterial; and nothing definite appears from 
the series as to differences on the two sides of the body. 

In addition to its length, the tibia was measured also as to its two principal 
























REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


219 


diameters at the middle of the shaft. These diameters, 1 as determined by the 
writer in nearly 2000 normal adult bones of whites, 2 produce for the antero-posterior 
dimension in the males an average of 3.13 cm. on the right, and 3.14 on the left; 
while in the females it is 2.72 cm. on the right and 2.57 c. m. on the left. 


Tibia—Length ; Dimensions and Index at Middle ; Tibio-femoral Index 


Sex 


Num- 

Average length 

Num- 

Average diam¬ 

Num¬ 

Average 

Num¬ 

Average 

Num¬ 

Average 

Side 

ber of 

(greatest 

ber of 

eter antero¬ 

ber of 

diameter 

ber of 

index 

ber of 

and Locality 

speci¬ 

length less 

speci¬ 

posterior at 

speci¬ 

lateral 

speci¬ 

of shaft 

speci¬ 

tibio-femoral 



mens 

spine) 

mens 

middle 

mens 

at middle 

mens 

at middle 

mens 

index 

Males 



cm. 


cm. 


cm. 





Arkansas : 

l Right 

7 

385 

(36.4-41.6) 

9 

3.45 

(3.2-3.85) 

9 

2.2 

(1.95-2.45) 

8 

63.7 

(51.9-81.7) 

5 

82.1 

(79.8-85.2) • 

Boytt’s Field 

v 


38.3 

(35.9-41.6) 1 








82.6 

(79.0-85.4) 

[ Left 

7 

9 

3.5 

(2.85-3.8) 

9 

2.2 

(2.0-2.35) 

8 

63.6 

(52.6-82.3) 

5 

Louisiana 

j Right 

13 

37.10 

(34.4-40.3) 

17 

3.3 

(2.8-3.7) 

17 

2 2 

(1.9-2.6) 

17 

68.45 

(58.6-78.6) 

9 

84.2 

(79.8-88.6) 










[ Left 

13 

37.08 

(34.5-40.3) 

17 

3.3 

(2.9-3.7) 

17 

2.2 

(1.85-2.6) 

17 

685 

(56.8-79.3) 

9 

843 

(81.1-86.6) 

Females 

( Right 


33.15 


2.8 


1.95 


68.7 


82.7 

Arkansas: 

2 

(33.1-33.2) 

4 

(2.75-2.9) 

4 

(1.85-2.05) 

4 

(63.8-73.2) 

2 

(80.1-85.4) 

Boytt’s Field 

| Left 

2 

33.15 


2.8 


2.0 


69.8 


82.0 


(32.7-33.4) 

4 

(2.7-2.95) 

4 

(1-8-2.3) 

4 

(66.1-78.0) 

2 

(80.5-83.7) 


T Right 

i° 

34.8 


2.9 


1.9 

9 

645 


84.3 

Louisiana 

(32.2-37.8) 

9 

(2.6-3.05) 

9 

(1.65-2.05) 

(55.0-70.2) 

6 

(81.9-88.2) 

I T , 

10 

34.7 


2.9 


1.85 


63.9 


835 


( Left 

j (32.3-37.6) 

9 

(2.65-3.1) 

9 

(1.55-2.05) 

9 

(55.3-71.7) 

6 

(80.8-86.5) 


The lateral diameter of the tibia averages in white males, on the right side 
2.24 cm., on the left 2.20 cm.; in the females, on the right 2.05 cm., and on the 
left 1.86 cm. This dimension gives a breadth-height index of the shaft of the tibia 
of 71.1 in the white males and 71.9 in the white females. In the Indians the 
antero-posterior diameter in all the series is somewhat superior to that in whites, 
while the lateral dimension averages equal or smaller. This gives rise to a smaller 
index of the shaft, expressing greater platycnemy in the Indian. Comparisons as 
to locality, sex, and side, in the two Indian series, are not satisfactory, due to the 
small and irregular number of specimens. 

As to the shape of the shaft of the tibia, the ordinary prismatic is found to 
prevail, but lateral prismatic shafts are also quite numerous. A large proportion of 
the tibiae, however, show a shaft characterized by pronounced concavity of the 
external surface in the region of the tibialis anticus muscle, while numerous others 

1 The antero-posterior diameter is the maximum measurement, the lateral diameter being that at 
a right angle to the antero posterior axis of the bone. The latter is taken in such a way that the 
anterior border of the tibia lies on the rod of the sliding compass in the middle of its opening. 

1 See “Study of the Normal Tibia,” The American Anthropologist, October, 1898, p. 307 et seq.; 
also Proc. Assoc. Amer. Anatomists, 11th Annual Session, New York, 1898. 







































220 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 

are of type 4, which distinctly shows four instead of three surfaces, the additional 
plane resulting from a duplication of the posterior surface by a ridge which follows 
the line of the septum between the flexor longus digitorum and the tibialis posticus 
muscles. 


Tibia—Shape of Shaft at Middle 


Types of Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number of specimens 
examined 

14 

13 

4 

6 

20 

22 

12 

12 

Types: 1 or near 1 (a) 

2 

4 

2 

4 

5 

9 

5 

4 

2 or near 2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

3 

1 

3 

3 or near 3 

3 

3 

— 

— 

6 

4 

2 

1 

4 or near 4 

7 

4 

— 

— 

5 

6 

2 

3 

5 or near 5 

1 

- 

— 

- 

- 

- 

2 

1 

6 or near 6 

— 

1 (b) 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 


(a) i Ordinary prismatic. 

2 Lateral prismatic. 

3 External surface markedly concave. 

4 Posterior surface divided into two distinct surfaces by a vertical ridge. 

5 Posterior surface concave, external border indistinct. 

6 Lateral prismatic, with postero-lateral and antero-lateral surfaces markedly convex and anterior bor¬ 
der very dull. 

(d) Specimen 255 . 138 a was partly fused with tibia, which may account for this exceptional shape in an 
Indian. 


The inclination of the head of the tibia was, in no case, very pronounced. 


The Fibula. 

The proportion of fibulae available for measurement is rather small, though 
fragments are numerous. The measurements of length show practically equal aver¬ 
ages for the bones of the two sides. 

The shape approaches most frequently the ordinary or the lateral prismatic. 

In female skeleton 255.097, Louisiana, both the fibulae are unusually flat. 

The Clavicle. 

The collection contains 31 clavicles that can be measured. These bones show 
nearly the same dimensions in the two areas from which the material was gathered. 
They also show that the left clavicle is on the average somewhat longer than the 
right. A similar condition exists, as we know from the studies of Pasteau 1 and 
others, in whites and in other races. 

1 Pasteau, E. Recherches sur les proportions de la clavicule dans les sexes et dans les races. 
These. Paris, 1879. 


















REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


221 


The curves of the clavicle are moderate in all but two cases (male 255.123 and 
male 255.127, Arkansas), in which they are very marked. 

None of the bones is massive. 

Rhomboid impression or facet is present in slight to moderate form in all, and 
is pronounced in male 255.123, Arkansas. 

Female clavicle 255.095, Louisiana, shows a very prominent conoid tubercle. 


Ulna ; Fibula ; Clavicle—Length 




Num¬ 


Num¬ 


Num¬ 

Average length 
(maximum) of the 
clavicle 

Sex 

and Locality 

Side 

ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average length 
(maximum) of the 
ulna 

ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average length 
(maximum) of the 
fibula 

ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Males 



cm. 


cm. 


cm. 

Arkansas : 

f Right 

5 

27.3 

(25.4-29.3) 

3 

36.2 

(35.6-36.6) 

4 

15.1 

(13.2-16.4) 

Boytt’s Field 

( Left 





4 

15.7 

(14.0-17.1) 








( Right 

7 

26.9 

(25.9-28.1) 

4 

36.75 

(35.3-39.2) 

7 

15.2 

(13.6-16.1) 

Louisiana 








( Left 

7 

26.6 

(25.1-27.8) 

4 

36.7 

(35.3-39.1) 

7 

15 J 

(14.1-16.3) 

Females 

l RJrrVif 

9 

24.1 

(23.8-24.5) 



1 

14.0 

Arkansas: 

i Kignt 





Boytt’s Field 

( Left 



2 

32.4 

(32.0-32.8) 









( Right 

9 

24.4 


34.7 

A 

13 J 


(23.8-25.4) 

4 

(34.2-36.3) 

4 

(12.9-14.1) 

Louisiana 

•< 







, ) 


24.3 


34.7 

A 

13.7 


( Left 

9 

(23.4-25.3) 

4 

(34.0-36.3) 

4 

(13.1-14.5) 


Fibula—Shape of Shaft at Middle 


Types of Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number of specimens 
examined 

2 

4 

— 

1 

16 

11 

6 

5 

Types: 1 (a) 

1 

2 

- 

1 

5 

1 

— 

1 

2 or 2 a ( b) 

— 

— 

— 

— 

5 

8 

3 

2 

3 or 3 a ( c ) 

— 

1 

— 

— 

3 

2 

1 

- 

35 id) 

1 

— 

- 

— 

- 

— 

1 

1 

4 (e) 

— 

1 

— 

— 

3 

— 

1 

1 


a Ordinary quadrilateral, approaching prismatic. 
b Approaching lateral prismatic. 
c External or internal surface concave. 
d Both external and internal surfaces concave. 

e Five distinct surfaces (formation by a vertical ridge of two planes from the external surface). 












































222 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


The Sternum. 

From Arkansas there are two bodies and four manubria, and from Louisiana 
four bodies and seven manubria. In none of these cases is the manubrium attached 
to the body. The bodies vary considerably in all dimensions. 

The Scapula. 

Of the scapulae there are but few fragments, and three imperfect pieces that 
could be measured. All of these are from Louisiana. In descriptive features they 
exhibit nothing of special interest. 


Measurements 


Sex 

Number 

Side 

Height: 
inferior to 
superior angle 

Height: inferior 
angle to inter¬ 
section of spine 
and median 
border 

Breadth 

(Broca) 

Breadth-height 

index 

total 

Breadth-height 

index 

inferior 

Male 

255.201 

Right 

cm. 

16.0 

cm. 

11.7 

cm. 

10.5 

65.<5 

89.7 

Male 

.106 

1 Left 

? 

11.0 

10.7 

? 

97.3 

Female 

.095 

Left 

13.5 

11.0 

? 

f 

? 


The Vertebrce. 

The dimensions of the vertebrae are generally moderate, the bones being never 
very large or massive. The principal anatomical features are similar to those in 
whites. As to variations in number, little can be determined on account of the 
incompleteness of the sets. 

The principal anomalies of the vertebrae are mentioned at the beginning of this 
section. 

A peculiar feature is the very frequent occurrence of more or less marked 
lateral asymmetry of the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae, without indication of disease. 

The Pelvis. 

There are in all 14 pelves, 4 male and 10 female, on which measurements are 
possible. Owing to the small number of specimens in the individual groups, the 
data are not useful for comparison, and must remain simply as so many records to 
be utilized with additional material in the future. 

The general index of the pelvis averages higher in the male skeletons from the 
two sections, as well as in the female skeletons from Louisiana, than it does in the 
whites, thus showing relatively great breadth. The average index of the inlet, 
which in whites ranges from 79 to 80, is likewise greater in most of the Indian 
skeletons. 

In addition to the pelves, there are present a number of single ossa innominata, 
the measurements of which are given in the table (p. 223). The figures give some 
interesting indications, but the number of specimens is too small for definite deduc¬ 
tions. 

















REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


223 


Pelvis—Dimensions and Indices 


Sex and Locality 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 

maximum 

height 

(a) 

Average 

maximum 

breadth 

(*) 

Average 
index 
of pelvis 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 
greatest 
breadth of 
the inlet 

Average depth 
(diameter 
antero poste¬ 
rior) of the 
inlet 

Average 
index of the 
inlet 

Males 


cm. 

cm. 



cm. 

cm. 


Arkansas: 

Boytt’s Field 

1 

20.2 

27.0 

134 

i 

11.8 






Louisiana 

6 

21.3 

(20.8-22.2) 

27.9 

(26.3-29.6) 

130.6 

(119.5-135.8) 

6 

12.1 

(11.4-13.3) 

11.0 

(9.7-12.6) 

91.6 

(75.2-107.0) 

Females 









Arkansas: 

Boytt’s Field 

2 

20.6 

(20.2-21.0) 

26.7 

(26.2-27.2) 

129.6 

(129.5-129.7) 

3 

13.0 

(12.4-13.8) 

10.9 

(10.3-12.1) 

84.1 

(81.2-87.7) 

Louisiana 

4 

19.5 

(18.2-20.3) 

27.6 

(26.7-28.6) 

141.4 

(136-152.7) 

3 

13 J 

(12.9-14.3) 

10.4 

(9.2-11.5) 

77 J> 

(69.7-89.1) 


The Sacrum. 

The total number of sacra that could be measured is 13, but some additional 
specimens are available for observation. The indices are all lower than in the 
whites, showing that the sacrum is relatively high, as in the negro. 


Ossa innominata ; Sacrum—Average Measurements and Indices 


Sex 

and Locality 


Males 


Arkansas: 
Boytt’s Field 


Louisiana 


Females 

Arkansas: 
Boytt’s Field 


Louisiana 


Ossa innominata 


Side 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 

height 

(maximum) 

(a) 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 
breadth 
(between 
superior iliac 
spines) 

(6) 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 
breadth- 
height index 

C-— 1 ) 



cm. 


cm. 



( Right 

2 

20.0 

(19.8-20.2) 










( Left 

2 

19.9 

(19.8-20.0) 










f Right 

2 

22.05 

(22.0-22.1) 

2 

16.05 

(15.4-16.7) 

2 

72.8 

(70.0-75.6) 

( Left 

2 

22.15 

(22.1-22.2) 

2 

15.85 

(15.3-16.4) 

2 

71.6 

(69.2-73.9) 

( Right 

2 

20.6 

(20.2-21.0) 

i 

15.4 

1 

73.3 

( Left 

2 

20.6 

(20.2-21.0) 

i 

15.7 

1 

74.8 

| Right 

2 

20.1 

(20.1-20.1) 

2 

15.0 

(14.8-15.2) 

2 

74.6 

(73.6-75.6) 

( Left 

2 

20.1 

(19.9-20.3) 

2 

15.45 

(15.3-15.6) 

2 

76.9 

(75.4-78.4) 


Sacrum 


Sex 

and Locality 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Average 
height 
(in middle) 
(a) 

Average 

breadth 

(maximum) 

(*) 

Average index 

(^) 

Males 


cm. 

cm. 


Arkansas: 
Boytt’s Field 

2 

11J5 

(11.0-12.1) 

11.7 

(11.5-11.9) 

101.6 

(95.0-108.2) 

Louisiana 

4 

11.8 

(11.4-12.4) 

11.7 

(10.7-12.5) 

99.1 

(93.9-107.0) 

Females 





Arkansas: 
Boytt’s Field 

1 

12.1 

12.8 

105.8 

Louisiana 

6 

11.1 

(9.6-12.3) 

11.8 106.9 

(11.1-12.4) (100.8-115.6) 


















































































224 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


As to the number of segments composing the sacrum, it is found that in 
three-fourths of the cases the bone has five, and in the remainder of the specimens, 
six. In addition there is a tendency in one case (Fig. 8) to assimilation of the 
last lumbar. 

Of the extra segments one is lumbar and four are coccygeal. 

The curvature is more often accentuated in the females than in the males, as 
in whites. As will be seen from the details presented in the next table, it also 
begins high more frequently in the females than in the males. 

The neural canal is defective for the greater part from the fourth, or from 
below the fourth, spinous process downward. This also is most frequently the case 
in whites. 


Sacrum—Characteristics 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Segments: 5 

3 

— 

6 (1 tending 
to assimila¬ 
tion of last 
lumbar) 

5 

6 

— 

1 

2 

2 

Extra segment is 

— 

1 

coccygeal 

1 lumbar 

1 coccygeal 

2 

coccygeal 

Curvature; 





small 

— 

— 

2 

_ 

moderate 

3 

_ 

5 

2 

good 

— 

2 

2 

5 

Curvature begins with 





first segment 

— 

1 

3 

5 

second segment 

3 

1 

3 

2 

third segment 

— 

— 

1 

— 

fourth segment 

— 

— 

1 

— 

Neural canal exposed, 
from 

below third spinous 





process 

— 

1 

2 

— 

at fourth 

— 

— 

1 

4 

below fourth 

3 

_ 

3 

2 

at fifth 

_ 

_ 

1 

1 

below fifth 

— 

1 




The Pate lice. 

The patellae of the Arkansas and Louisiana skeletons are, as will be noted in 
the measurements given below, generally of moderate dimensions, with an average 
breadth slightly exceeding the height. There is very little difference in the bones 
from the two localities. The patella in the female is smaller in all proportions 
than that in the male; the breadth-height index is quite similar. The right and 
left bones differ but slightly. 



















REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 225 


Patella—Average Dimensions and Breadth-Height Index 


Arkansas 



Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Breadth (maximum), cm. 

6 

4.35 

(4.15-4.7) 

5 

4.2 

(4.0-4.65) 

3 

Height (maximum), cm. 

6 

4.25 

(4.05-4.5) 

5 

43 

(3.9-4.65) 

3 

Thickness (maximum), cm. 

6 

2.0 

(1.7-2.2) 

5 

1.9 

(1.8-2.15) 

3 

Breadth-height index 
/breadth X 100\ 

V height ) 

6 

1023 

(92.1-105.8) 

5 

98.1 

(95.4-100.0) 

3 


Females 


Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

3.8 

(3.6-4.15) 

— 

3.8 

(3.6-3.95) 

— 

1.8 

(1.7-1.85) 

— 

100.6 

(91.1-109.2) 

— 


Left 


Louisiana 




Males 



Females 


Proportions 









Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 1 
speci- I 
mens 

Left 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Breadth (maximum), cm. 

5 

4.35 

(4.15-4.6) 

5 

4.4 

(4.1-4.65) 

4 

3.9 

(3.75-4.1) 

4 

3.9 

(3.75-4.0) 

Height (maximum), cm. 

5 

4.3 

(3.9-4.85) 

5 

4.2 

(3.95-4.75) 

4 

3.8 

(3.7-3.85) 

4 

3.8 

(3.8-3.85) 

Thickness (maximum), cm. 

5 

2.0 

(1.9-2.1) 

5 

2.0 

(1.9-2.1) 

4 

1.8 

(1.75-1.85) 

4 

1.8 

(1.75-1.9) 

Breadth-height index 
/ breadth X 100\ 

5 

101.1 

(85.6-112.8) 

5 

104.2 

(91.6-113.4) 

4 

103.6 

(100-110.8) 

4 

1023 

(97.4-105.3) 

\ height ) 










An interesting feature in regard to the patella is the occasional presence of 
the vastus externus notch, i. e a more or less marked defect in the border of the 
bone in the locality of the vastus externus insertion. This notch, which is seen 
rather frequently in Egyptian bones, and is also met occasionally among the 
whites, is present in more than half the male specimens and in more than a third 
of the patellae of females. It is, however, seldom pronounced, the majority of the 
bones showing only traces of the feature. 

The patellae of male skeletons 255.111 and 255.222, Louisiana, show each an 
extraordinarily developed apex. 


29 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIV. 














































226 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


Patella—The Vastus Externus Notch 



Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Totals 


Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 


Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 





Number of specimens 

7 

6 

3 

_ 

8 

10 

8 

7 

16 

33 

31 

18 

examined 













Notch absent 

4 

3 

1 

— 

2 

5 

6 

6 

50% 

58% 

45% 

72% 

Trace 

1 

2 

2 

— 

1 

3 

1 

1 

31% 

18% 

23% 

22% 

Small 

1 

— 

— 

— 

4 

1 

1 


6% 

18% 

19% 

6% 

Moderate 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

1 

— 

— 

— 

6% 

6% 

— 

Pronounced 

1 

i 

_ 

— 

— 

— 

— 


13% 

— 

6% 

— 


The Os Ca/cis. 

There are 23 pairs of these bones sufficiently preserved to be measured. Their 
dimensions, as well as their breadth-height index, differ but slightly in the two 
localities. The bones also differ very little on the two sides, the right bone being 
on the average very slightly the larger. The female bones, however, are decidedly 
smaller than those of the males. 

The measurements and indices form an interesting basis for future comparison. 


Os Calcis : Average Dimensions and Breadth-height Index 


Arkansas 




Males 



Females 


Proportions * 









Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Length (maximum), cm. 

6 

8.05 

(7.4-8.45) 

6 

8.05 

(7.3-8.5) 

i 

6.9 

i 

6.9 

Breadth (minimum at 
middle of body), cm. 

6 

2.7 

(2.5-2.95) 

6 

2.7 

(2.55-2.9) 

i 

2.4 

i 

2.4 

Height (maximum at 
middle of body), cm. 

6 

4.0 

(3.7-4.3) 

6 

3.9 

(3.6-4.1) 

i 

3.55 

i 

3.4 

Breadth-height index 
/ breadth X 100 \ 

6 

67.7 

(60.5-72.4) 

6 

69.5 

(63.4-73.0) 

i 

67.6 

i 

70.6 

\ height ) 










* Pairs only. 


























































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


227 


OS CALCIS—CONTINUED 


Louisiana 


Proportions * 

Males 

Females 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Length (maximum), cm. 

ii 

8.0 

(7.45-8.4) 

ii 

7.95 

(7.5-8.25) 

5 

7.4 

(7.25-7.65) 

5 

7.4 

(7.05-7.65) 

Breadth (minimum at 
middle of body), cm. 

n 

2.75 

(2.5-2.9) 

11 

2.8 

(2.6-3.0) 

5 

2.45 

(2.35-2.6) 

5 

2J 

(2.3-2.6) 

Height (maximum at 
middle of body), cm. 

ii 

4.0 

(3.85-4.2) 

li 

3.95 

(3.65-4.2) 

5 

3.5 

(3.2-3.7) 

5 

3J 

(3.2-3.7) 

Breadth-height index 
/breadth X 100 \ 

\ height ) 

ii 

68.4 

(61.9-74.0) 

11 

70.8 

(67.5-73.4) 

5 

69.4 

(64.9-75.0) 

5 

70.8 

(68.7-78.1) 


* Pairs only. 


In 72 specimens from both sexes in which the facets for the astragalus can be 
examined, there are two of these facets in 21 (29 per cent.) and three in 51 cases 
(71 per cent.). These proportions are almost identical in the skeletons from the 
two regions: 2 facets in 32 per cent, of the bones from Arkansas, and in 29 per 
cent, of the bones from Louisiana. 

As to sexual differences, two facets exist in 26 per cent, of the males and in 37 
per cent, of the females, showing a perceptible preponderance for the latter. 

The sustentaculum tali generally shows fair to marked projection. The 
peroneal spine is frequently well marked. In the more pronounced cases it shows 
an articular-like surface for the play of the tendon on its under side. The internal 
tubercle often shows anteriorly, at the insertion of the flexor brevis digitorum, slight 
to moderate exostoses. 

The left os calcis of male skeleton 255.106, Louisiana, presents a rough semi¬ 
lunar notch or defect antero-interiorly in the margin of the foremost astragalus facet 
and the adjoining border. 


Astragalus. 

The number of clearly-separated articular facets for the os calcis on the astra¬ 
galus does not by any means correspond with the number of those on the heel bone. 
Thus, a clear separation by an interval of an anterior and a lateral astragalus facet 
is present in only four of the 43 specimens, or approximately 10 per cent. 

Os trigonum was not found. 






















228 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


The Scaphoid. 

Of this bone only a few are present, and among these there is but one that 
shows any peculiarity. This is from female skeleton 255.096, Louisiana, and the 
peculiarity consists of a rather pronounced pointed process which rises from the 
middle of the inferior surface of the bone and anteriorly has an articular facet. 
The same specimen shows also a small cuboid facet. 


The Cuboid. 

This bone, of which a fair number of specimens are in hand, shows, as a rule, 
an elevated or an unelevated facet for the sesamoid in the tendon of the peroneus 
longus. 

The First Metatarsal. 

This bone is generally of ordinary form and of moderate dimensions. None 
of the specimens shows any special features. Their length, given below, indicates 
close similarity with respect to the two areas from which they came. 


First Metatarsal : Dimensions 


Arkansas 



Males 

Fem ales 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Average length (maxi¬ 
mum), cm. 

4* 

6.2 

(S.8-6.8) 

5 

6.2 

(5.8-6.S) 

1 

5.65 

2 

5.65 

(5.55-5.75) 


Louisiana 

Males 

Females 


Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Right 

Num¬ 
ber of 
speci¬ 
mens 

Left 

Average length (maxi¬ 
mum), cm. 

5 

6.0 

(5.7-6.2) 

4 

6.3 

(6.0-6.5) 

2 

6.0 

(5.6-6.4) 

1 

5.7 


* Not pairs. 


Phalanges. Hand Bones. 

Only a few of these bones were recovered, and, beyond some pathological 
lesions, referred to under Section VI (p. 229), they show nothing of special interest. 


































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 
VI. PATHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. DETAILS. 


229 


ARKANSAS. 


Males. 

255.119. 1 

Vertebra : moderate marginal exostoses on one lumbar. 

Phalanges: the first right terminal phalanx of the foot has moderate ex¬ 
crescences on its plantar surface. 

255.121. 2 

Femora : right—moderate inflammatory changes about linea aspera, middle 
fourth ; 

left—moderate inflammatory changes with augmentation in size at 
inner lip of linea aspera, below middle, on adjacent bone, and on 
shaft, posteriorly, below the third fourth of the same from above. 

Tibia : right—moderate inflammatory changes over large part of surface of 
shaft. 

Clavicles : right—inflammatory changes on distal end. 

Vertebra: one cervical and two lumbar have marginal exostoses; the 
former shows also roughened (arthritic) articular surfaces on the 
processes. 

Os calcis: right anchylosed with astragalus (Fig. 7, c). 

Cuneiform : right middle fused completely with the metatarsal of the second 
toe (Fig. 7, b). 

255.121a. 3 

Tibia : left—slight inflammatory changes on shaft. 

255.123. 4 

Skull: A gumma (in all probability), hollow in frontal, 3 cm. above nasion 
and near median line; also a scar, probably of similar origin (i. e. } 
syphilitic), 5.5 cm. above nasion, in median line. 

Femora : right—inflammatory changes posteriorly, above lowest fourth, and 
trace of such anteriorly, over lowest fifth; 
left—inflammatory changes over lowest third, above condyles. 

Tibia : left—moderate inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Sternum: entire bone shows irregular hyperplasia of anterior surface, and 
thickening. 

Clavicles : right—shaft shows thickening and inflammatory changes. 

1 Healthy : skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both clavicles, 
sacrum and parts of pelvic bones, left patella, both calcanea. 

2 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, left tibia, left clavicle, sacrum, both 
patellae, left os calcis. 

3 Healthy : left humerus, right patella. 

4 Healthy : both humeri, left ulna, right tibia, right fibula, left clavicle, pelvis, vertebrae, right 
patella, left os calcis. 


230 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


255.124. 1 

Skull: The meatus auditorius on each side narrowed by a hyperostotic 
ridge rising from what was once the posterior free extremity of the 
tympanic ring (= tr exostosis). 

Femora: left—inflammatory changes on posterior surface, lowest fourth, 
also next to external lip of linea aspera at middle. 

Tibice : right, slight; left, considerable inflammatory changes over shaft. 
Fibulce: left—slight inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Clavicles: right—old fracture in middle. 

Vertebrce: fourth and fifth lumbar show marginal exostoses. 

Os calcis : right—some inflammatory changes over surface. 

Phalanges : of body. Several of hands show inflammatory changes. 

255.125. 2 

Femora: right—moderate inflammatory changes posteriorly above internal 
condyles. 

255.126. 3 

255.127. 4 

Skull: A limited area of increased porosity on the postero-superior portion 
of each parietal, above the lambdoid suture. 

255.128. 5 

255.131. 6 

Tibue: right—inflammatory changes above popliteal ridge. 

255.132. 7 
255.133a. 8 

255.134. 9 

255.135. 10 

255.136. 11 

Tibice: in both traces of inflammatory changes on surface of shaft. 

255.138. 12 

Astragalus: left—the whole upper articular surface, top and sides, changed 
through disease—flattened, rough, and irregular (Fig. 9, g). 

1 Healthy; right humerus, left radius, left ulna, right femur, right fibula, left clavicle, sternum, 
right innominate, left patella, left os calcis. 

2 Healthy: skull, left humerus, left radius, left ulna { left femur, right innominate, left os calcis. 

3 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, right ulna, both femora, right tibia, both clavicles, 
pelvis, vertebrae, right os calcis. 

4 Healthy: both humeri, both femora, left tibia, pelvis, vertebrae. 

5 Healthy: skull, both femora, both tibiae, left patella. 

6 Healthy : both femora, left tibia, both calcanea. 

7 Healthy : both humeri, both ulnae, both femora, right tibia, both clavicles, right patella. 

8 Healthy : both femora. 

9 Healthy: both humeri, right radius, both femora, both tibiae, both clavicles, vertebrae, both 
calcanea. 

10 Healthy : both humeri, left radius, left ulna. 

11 Healthy: left femur, left fibula, right os calcis. 

12 Healthy : both humeri, left radius, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both clavicles, vertebrae, 
right patella, right os calcis. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


231 


255.138a. 

Tibia: left—synostosis (without previous fracture or other visible injury 
of either bone) with fibula by one strong bony septum, 6.5 cm. long, 
and another small one, slightly lower, 2.5 cm. above lower articular 
surface. 

255.139. 1 

255.140. 2 

Tibia : right—inflammatory changes above popliteal ridge. 

Bones of the foot : on right the first metatarsal, internal and middle cunei¬ 
form, and scaphoid, are fused into one mass, apparently since early 
stage of growth (Fig. 7, d). 

255.141. 3 

Sternum : arthritic condition of articular surfaces of first rib. 

Vertebra: fourth lumbar shows moderate marginal exostoses. 

Os calcis : left—region of attachment of ext. brevis digitorum muscle rough 
and porous. 

255.142. 4 

255.145. 5 

255.149. 6 

255.150. 7 

255.152. 8 

ARKANSAS. 

Females. 

2.55120. 9 

Femora: left—smooth bony swelling, 1.2 cm. long by 0.7 cm. broad and 
0.3 cm. high, internally, slightly below middle. 

Vertebra: all lumbar show marginal exostoses. 

255.122. 10 

Scaphoid: suppurative depression on articular surface for internal cunei¬ 
form near distal edge. 

255.129. 11 

Vertebra: cervical—fourth and fifth show marginal exostoses and roughen¬ 
ing of lateral articular surfaces; 

lumbar—marginal exostoses, and in last three also excrescences about 
lateral articular surfaces. 

1 Healthy : both femora, both tibiae. 

2 Healthy : left tibia, left fibula, left patella, both calcanea. 

3 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both clavicles, 
both patellae (right anomalous. See Fig. 9, d), right os calcis. 

4 Healthy : right patella, both calcanea. 

3 Healthy : skull. 

6 Healthy: skull. 

7 Healthy : skull. 

8 Healthy : skull. 

9 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, right femur, both tibiae, left fibula, pelvis, right 
patella, both calcanea. 

10 Healthy: skull, both humeri, right femur, left tibia, left fibula, both clavicles, two vertebrae, 
right patella, both calcanea. 

" Healthy: skull, both humeri, both ulnae, both femora, both clavicles, pelvis, right os calcis. 


232 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 




255.130. 1 

Vertebra: fourth lumbar diseased in posterior third of upper surface of 
body; nature of pathological condition (?) (Fig. 9, e). 

255.133. 2 

Tibia : right—slight inflammatory changes on internal surface, above middle. 

255.137. 3 

255.143. 4 

Vertebra : lumbar show marginal exostoses (moderate). 

255.144. 

Skull: A shallow depression, 3.0 by 4.5 cm., in the left parietal, near the 
lambdoid and reaching to the sagittal suture. 

255.146. 5 

255.147. 6 

255.148. 7 
255.151. 

Skull: All bones, vault and face, thickened, but no irregularities or scars. 

LOUISIANA. 

Males. 

255.099. 8 

255.100.® 

255.100a. 10 

255.102. 11 

255.102a. 12 

255.104. 13 

Vertebra : lumbar—slight marginal exostoses; lateral articular facets show 
arthritic changes. 

255.106. 14 

Tibia: right—effects of suppurative condition anteriorly, on lower end. 

255.107. 15 

Vertebra : lumbar—marginal exostoses; lateral articular facets of one show 
arthritic changes. 

1 Healthy: skull, both humeri, right radius, right ulna, both femora, both tibiae, pelvis, right 
patella, right os calcis. 

2 Healthy: left humerus, left radius, both femora, left tibia. 

3 Healthy: both femora, both tibiae. 

* Healthy: skull, both humeri, left radius, both femora, right clavicle. 

5 Healthy: skull, four vertebrae. 

6 Healthy : skull, two vertebrae. 

7 Healthy : skull. 

8 Healthy: both humeri, right radius, right femur, both clavicles. 

9 Healthy: both humeri, right tibia, right fibula. 

10 Healthy : left fibula. 

11 Healthy: skull, both humeri, left radius, both ulnae, both femora, both clavicles, two vertebrae. 

12 Healthy : right ulna, right femur, right clavicle. 

13 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both tibiae, nine vertebrae. 

14 Healthy: skull, both humeri, left radius, left ulna, both femora, left tibia, left fibula, right 
clavicle, pelvis, sixteen vertebrae. 

15 Healthy: skull, right humerus, right radius, right ulna, six vertebrae. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 233 


255.109. 1 

Vertebra: lumbar—slight upper marginal exostoses. 

255.110. 2 

255.111. 3 

Tibia: left—inflammatory changes about the middle fourth of internal 
border. 

Vertebra : fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical, twelfth dorsal, show arthritic 
changes, and all lumbar vertebrae have marginal exostoses. 

255.114. 4 
255.115. 

Skull: tr exostoses in both meatus auditorii, nearly occluding the right. 

255.154. 5 

255.201. 6 

Femora : right—a small exostosis from anterior surface of great trochanter; 

left—moderate marginal exostoses about lower articular surface. 
Vertebra : lumbar—marginal exostoses. 

Os calcis: right—an exostosis, or a fusion of a separate small bone, in front 
of the insertion of the external brevis digitorum. 

Patella: left—marginal exostoses and an arthritic spot (Fig. 9, h). 

255.203. 7 

255.204. 8 

255.205. 9 

Tibia : .205 (3), left—moderate swelling about internal border at middle 
and lower third; 

.205 (4) left—slight inflammatory changes on upper fourth of shaft; 
.205 (5) left—inflammatory changes over most of shaft; 

.205 (6) right—moderate inflammatory changes on internal surface, 
below middle. 

255.209. 10 

Vertebra : last dorsal and all lumbar show marginal exostoses. 

Os calcis: left—moderate lesion just posterior to anterior astragalus facet 
(nature ?). 

1 Healthy : left humerus, left radius, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, eight ver¬ 
tebrae, both patellae. 

2 Healthy : right radius, right ulna, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, pelvis, six vertebrae, 
both patellae. 

3 Healthy: skull, both humeri, right tibiae, both clavicles, pelvis, fourteen vertebrae, both patellae. 
* Healthy : skull. 

5 Healthy: skull. 

6 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both tibiae, both fibulae, pelvis, nineteen 
vertebrae, left os calcis, right patella. 

7 Healthy : skull, three cervical vertebrae. 

8 Healthy : skull, four cervical vertebrae. 

9 Healthy: eight humeri, five radii, four ulnae, twelve femora, seven tibiae, two fibulae, two clavi¬ 
cles, one pelvis. 

10 Healthy: skull, both humeri, right radius, right ulna, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, 
both clavicles, pelvis, eighteen vertebrae, right os calcis. 


30 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XIV. 


234 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


255 210. 1 

Vertebra : lumbar—marginal exostoses. 

255.211. 2 

Vertebra : cervical—fifth, sixth, and seventh show arthritic changes; 
lumbar—marginal exostoses and arthritic changes. 

255.215. 3 

Vertebra: cervical—third, fourth, and fifth with arthritic changes; 

lumbar—fifth with arthritic changes. 

Patella : left—arthritic changes on articular surface. 

255.217. 4 

Femora: in both slight inflammatory changes externally above outer condyle. 
Vertebra : cervical—all below atlas show arthritic changes (roughening, 
increased porosity, and irregular enlargement of most lateral and 
also body articular surfaces); 
dorsal—arthritic changes on first and second; 
lumbar—marginal exostoses. 

Patella : right—articular surface shows arthritic changes. 

255.218. 5 

Tibia: on both slight inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Vertebra : lumbar—one (the only one present) shows marginal exostoses. 

255.221. 6 

255.222. 7 

Vertebra : cervical—arthritic changes on body and articular surfaces, fourth 
to seventh; 

dorsal—marginal exostoses on two lowest. 

255.223. 8 

Tibia: left—a sharp exostosis of moderate size below external tuberosity, 
at about the insertion of flexor communis. 

255.224. 9 

1 Healthy : skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, right 
clavicle, pelvis, twelve vertebrae, left patella. 

2 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, both 
clavicles, eleven vertebrae, left patella. 

3 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, left femur, left tibia, both fibulae, right 
clavicle, pelvis, seventeen vertebrae (seventh cervical anomalous; see Fig. 9, a). 

4 Healthy: skull, both humeri, left radius, both ulnae, right tibia, right fibula, sacrum (anomalous 
articulation with fifth lumbar ; see Fig. 8), ten vertebrae. 

5 Healthy : skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both clavicles, fifteen vertebrae, 
left patella. 

6 Healthy : both humeri, left radius, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, both clavi¬ 
cles, sacrum, twenty-one vertebrae, right patella. 

7 Healthy : both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both clavicles, one cervi¬ 
cal and four dorsal vertebrae. 

8 Healthy : both ulnae, both femora, right tibia, both patellae. 

9 Healthy: both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, right clavicle, pelvis. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


235 


LOUISIANA. 

Females. 

255.094. 1 

Skull: Surface of frontal bone irregular over middle, approaching low- 
nodular. 

Humeri: both show advanced inflammatory changes; surface irregular. 
Radii: both present inflammatory changes. 

Ulnce : right—probably an old fracture above lowest third; 

left—inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Clavicles : both show inflammatory changes on shaft. 

Vertebrce: cervical—atlas, axis, and fourth show arthritic changes, with 
some marginal exostoses; 
lumbar (two present)—marginal exostoses. 

255.095. 2 

Vertebrce: lumbar—third, fourth and fifth with marginal exostoses. 
255.096. 3 

Ulnce : right—fracture above lowest third, non-union, irregular articulation. 
Tibice : right—some inflammatory changes over surface of middle third. 
Vertebrce: dorsal—slight marginal exostoses on twelfth; 
lumbar—marginal exostoses on all. 

Astragalus: right shows results of healed suppurative condition about head 
(Fig. 9, f). 

255.097. 4 

Radii: right—fracture at middle. 

Ulnce : right—fracture below middle third. 

Vertebrce: marginal exostoses on eleventh dorsal, and second, third and 
fourth lumbar. 

255.098. 5 

Radii: right—fracture above lowest fourth. 

255.I03. 6 

Vertebrce : marginal exostoses on lumbar, and bodies of all these moderately 
and irregularly flattened. 

Scaphoid: right shows slightly incomplete old fusion with internal cunei¬ 
form. 

1 Healthy: four vertebrae. 

2 Healthy: skull, left humerus, both radii, both ulnae, right fibula, right clavicle, seventeen 
vertebrae. 

3 Healthy : both humeri, right radius, both femora, left tibia, both clavicles, pelvis, five vertebrae. 
* Healthv: both humeri, left ulna, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, one dorsal vertebra and 

one lumbar vertebra, left patella. 

5 Healthy: both humeri, both femora, right fibula, left patella. 

6 Healthy: skull, both humeri, right radius, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, both clavicles, 
sacrum, nine vertebrae. 


236 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


255.105. 1 

Tibia: in both, pathological curvature backward at middle, and inflamma¬ 
tory changes over middle third. 

Fibula : left—inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Vertebra : several lower dorsal and one (the only one present) lumbar show 
marginal exostoses. 

255.108. 2 

Humeri: left—moderate exostosis a short distance posteriorly to lower third 
of deltoid ridge. 

255.112. 3 

Clavicles : left—arthritic changes, sternal end. 

Vertebra: cervical—slight roughening of articular surfaces of bodies of 
third to seventh; 

dorsal—marginal exostoses on several lower ones; 
lumbar—slight to moderate upper marginal exostoses on all. 

255.113. 4 

Skull: A large patch of irregular, scarry, hardened surface on postero- 
superior part of right parietal. 

255.116. 5 

255.117. 6 

255.118. 7 

255.202. 8 

Skull: A small superficial scar in middle of forehead. 

255.205. 9 

Radii: A pair, .205 III, show inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Ulna: A pair, probably from same skeleton as above radii, show inflamma¬ 
tory changes over shaft. 

Femora : A pair, probably from same skeleton as above ulnae and radii, with 
inflammatory changes over surface of lowest third of shaft. 

Tibia : A pair, showing, especially the right, an abnormal curvature back¬ 
ward and somewhat inward at middle, and inflammatory changes 
over most of the surface. Belongs probably to the same skeleton 
as the above. 

Fibula: right—shaft shows inflammatory changes; probably of the same 
skeleton as the above. 

1 Healthy: skull, both radii, right ulna, both femora, pelvis, eight vertebrae. 

2 Healthy: right humerus, both radii, left femur. 

3 Healthy : skull, right humerus, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, six vertebrae. 

* Healthy ; three cervical vertebrae. 

5 Healthy: skull. 

6 Healthy : skull, two cervical vertebrae. 

7 Healthy : skull. 

8 Healthy : six cervical vertebrae. 

9 Healthy: seven humeri, four radii, one ulna, five femora, four clavicles. 


REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 237 


255.207. 1 

Femora: left—an exostosis, 1.2 cm. long and 0.7 cm. high, scale-like, point¬ 
ing mediad, just below minor trochanter. 

255.208. 2 

255.212. 3 

Vertebrce: cervical—the lower articular surface of body of fifth and the 
upper of that of sixth show arthritic changes; 
lumbar—marginal exostoses on fifth. 

255.213. 4 

Femora : left—a hardened oblong swelling, of moderate size, on external 
border above middle. 

Sacrum : moderate marginal exostoses along free border of body of the first 
segment. 

Vertebrce : cervical—left corresponding lateral articular facets of axis and 
third, and articular surfaces of body of fourth, show arthritic 
changes; 

lumbar—marginal exostoses. 

255.214. 5 

Vertebrce: lumbar—slight marginal exostoses on third, fourth, and fifth. 

255.216. 6 

Femora : both show moderate diffuse inflammatory changes over surface of 
shaft. 

Tibice : right—slight inflammatory changes over shaft; 

left—slight inflammatory changes about popliteal ridge and over shaft. 
Vertebrce: lumbar—marginal exostoses on fourth and fifth. 

255.219. 7 

Tibice: in both, but especially in right, some inflammatory changes over 
shaft. 

Vertebrce : lumbar—marginal exostoses on third, fourth, and fifth. 

Patellce: left—arthritic changes on articular surface. 

255.220. 8 

Vertebrce: lumbar—one (two present) shows marginal exostoses. 

1 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, right femur, both tibiae, both clavicles, 
four cervical vertebrae, right patella. 

2 Healthy : skull. 

3 Healthy: skull, both humeri, right radius, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, both fibulae, 
both clavicles, sacrum, nineteen vertebrae (first dorsal anomalous; see Fig. 9, b), right patella. 

4 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, right femur, both tibiae, left fibula, left 
clavicle, left os innominatum, twelve vertebrae, both patellae. 

5 Healthy: skull, left humerus, left radius, both ulnae, both femora, left clavicle, pelvis, twelve 
vertebrae, both patellae. 

6 Healthy: skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both clavicles, pelvis, nine vertebrae. 

7 Healthy': skull, both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, right fibula, both clavicles, 
eleven vertebrae. 

8 Healthy : skull, right humerus, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, both tibiae, left fibula, both 
clavicles, nine vertebrae, both patellae. 


238 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


255.225. 1 

Vertebra : dorsal—slight marginal exostoses on several lower ones; 
lumbar—slight upper marginal exostoses on all. 

255.226. 2 

Vertebra : lumbar—marginal exostoses. 

255.227. 3 

Ulna : left—inflammatory changes over shaft. 

Tibia : right—considerable inflammatory changes over shaft. 


Bones Exhibiting Pathological Conditions: Resume* 



Total number 
of specimens, 
from 

both States 

Healthy 

Inflammatory 

changes 

in 

Marginal 

exostoses 

in 

Arthritic 

changes 

on 

articular 

surfaces 

in 

Fractures 

in 

Exostoses 

other 

than 

marginal 

in 

Abnormal 

curvatures 

in 

Various in 

Skulls f 

58 

49 

6 




2 


1 

Humeri 

115 

113 

2 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Radii 

90 

84 

4 

— 

— 

2 

— 

— 

— 

Ulnae 

86 

80 

3 

— 

— 

3 

— 

— 

— 

Femora 

122 

105 

15 

1 

— 

— 

1 

— 

— 

Tibiae 

97 

67 

28 

— 

— 

— 

1 

2 

1 

Fibulae 

47 

44 

3 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Clavicles 

Sterna 

Scapulae 

Pelves 

Ossa innominata 

70 

11 bodies and 
7 manubria 
3 

15 

3 

64 

10 bodies and 
5 manubria 
3 

15 

3 

4 

1 body 


1 

2 manu¬ 
bria 

1 

— 


— 

Sacra 

9 

8 

— 

1 

— 

— 

— 


— 

Vertebrae: cervical 

182, from 46 
individuals 

144 


38, from 12 indi¬ 
viduals (mainly 
arthritic chan¬ 
ges) 





dorsal 

380, from 48 
individuals 

362 


18, from 9 indi¬ 
viduals (mainly 
marginal exos¬ 
toses) 




Body asymmetric 
in numerous 
specimens 

“ lumbar 

194, from 45 
individuals 

87 


106, from 33 indi¬ 
viduals (almost 
wholly margi¬ 
nal exostoses) 




1 

Patellae 

49 

45 

— 

1 

3 

_ 

— 


— 

Calcanea 

70 

65 

— 

— 

1 

— 

— 


4 

Other tarsal bones 

97 

90 

— 

— 

3 

— 

— 


4 

Metatarsals and 
Phalanges 

9 

5 

3 (1 individual) 






3 


* With these should be borne in mind the specimens now in the United States Army Medical Museum, so far as the latter pertain to the skeletons under considera¬ 
tion. They are: two femora of a female subject, No. 255 . 225 , from Ward Place, Louisiana, showing bilateral upper congenital dislocation ; right femur and tibia, from 
subject 255 . 215 , same locality, with signs of osteoarthritis; two stray right tibiae from Boytt's Field, Arkansas, and Bray’s Landing, Louisiana, with inflammatory 
changes on shaft; and the fractured radius and ulna from the left forearm of subject No. 255 . 100 , Bell Gin Landing, Arkansas, 
t Exclusive of pathological conditions due to the teeth. 


1 Healthy: both humeri, left ulna, both fibulae, seven vertebrae, right patella. 

2 Healthy: both humeri, both radii, both ulnae, both femora, left tibia, pelvis, nineteen vertebrae, 
left patella. 

1 Healthy : right humerus, right radius, right ulna, both femora, seven vertebrae, both patellae. 































REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


239 


NOTES. 

“Inflammatory Changes.' 1 ' 1 —Under this heading are included pathological 
changes which first affect limited areas of the surface of the shaft, or body of the 
bone, and in more advanced cases cover most or all of the surface of the shaft, or 
body of the bone and involve more or less its walls. In the earlier stages the 
changes are apparently due to slow inflammatory conditions originating in the perio¬ 
steum and accompanied by more or less perceptible osteophytic deposits. Later, 
as the inflammatory process progresses, the surface of the shaft becomes more or 
less irregular and nodular, and the pathological alteration extends to the intersti¬ 
tial parts of the bone, causing considerable thickening, with increase in weight of 
the shaft of the bone. It affects most often the tibiae; the vertebrae and pelvic 
bones appear to be immune. In all probability this process indicates syphilis; 
but there are instances in which it is impossible to decide whether the changes 
should be ascribed to this disease or to that systemic condition which results in 
arthritic changes in various articulations. In the majority of the cases in which 
such inflammatory changes have occurred in one or more bones of an individual, 
the skull has been found normal. 

“ Marginal Exostoses .”—These are characteristic excrescences of a definite 
though as yet somewhat obscure significance, occurring with great frequency, indeed 
quite generally, in older subjects, both among whites and among the Indians. 
These excrescences may form about the articular surface of long bones, but are most 
common about the surfaces of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae. They begin along 
the upper margin of the last three lumbars, then appear along the upper margins of 
the two superior vertebrae of that region and possibly along those of one or two of 
the last dorsals, and then develop along the lower borders of the same bones. They 
frequently involve the free border of the uppermost segment of the sacrum, and 
occasionally accompany arthritic changes in cervical or other lateral articulations. 
On the whole they bear close etiological relation with the systemic condition that 
results in osteoarthritis. In advanced stages these marginal exostoses are always 
accompanied with roughening and other inflammatory changes of the articular 
surface about which they occur, and in the end the result is a fusion of the adjacent 
vertebrae. In extreme cases whole regions of the spine, and even the entire spine, 
as well as the pelvic bones, become consolidated through this change. The begin¬ 
nings of the condition may be observed in middle-aged adults, but it is especially a 
feature accompanying old age. It may coexist with other slow inflammatory con¬ 
ditions of the bones, in which case a diagnostic separation of the processes may be 
very difficult. 

“ Arthritic Changes on Articular Surfaces .”—These changes begin generally 
in augmented porosity of the articular surface, followed by increased roughness and 
irregularity of the same. They are most commonly observed on the lateral articu¬ 
lar surfaces of the cervical vertebrae, but are occasionally seen on those of the upper 
dorsal or some of the lumbar vertebrae, on the sacro-iliac surfaces, and even on the 
articular facets of the long and other bones. As above mentioned, these changes 


240 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 


occur also on the superior and inferior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae. They 
generally involve both of the articular surfaces in apposition, and in the vertebral 
column lead ultimately to anchyloses. They are frequently accompanied by mar¬ 
ginal exostoses along the border of the affected articulations. The two processes, 
in fact, are closely related and probably are due to the same general causes. 

“Fractures —The fractures observed in this collection are comparatively few, 
fewer than would be found in a similar number of bones of modern whites. It is 
further noteworthy that all but one of the fractures are in the bones of the forearm, 
the exception being one in a clavicle. There is no fracture of the bones of the lower 
extremities. The healing, barring the case in which union did not take place 
(Fig. 7, a), is of good character in all the specimens, though attended with more or 
less marked effects of original displacement of the fragments (see Fig. 6). 

“Exostoses other than Marginal —The majority of exostoses pertaining to 
this class are formed at the insertion of muscles, or on ridges, such as the popliteal, 
or within the intermuscular septa. Some of them doubtless stand in causal rela¬ 
tion with the marginal exostoses and arthritic changes. Others, particularly those 
in the intermuscular septa, are manifestations sui getieris , the cause of which, par¬ 
ticularly in young subjects, is not clearly understood. In the series of bones under 
consideration, the exostoses other than marginal are few, and, with one exception, 
unimportant. The exception applies to the bony septum found to connect, without 
sign of injury or disease, the left tibia and the fibula of male skeleton No. 255.138 a 
from Arkansas (Fig. 5). 

“ Abnormal Curvatures'.' —Curvatures slightly to moderately above the aver¬ 
age, but without reaching a degree which can be considered pathological, are common 
in the femora of this collection, and also in some of the bones of the forearm. In 
the femora such curvatures are generally noticeable at or about the middle of the 
shaft, the upper part of the bone being bent backward, and are usually compensated 
for by an especially high posterior femoral ridge (linea aspera). Specimens of the 
so-called “pilasteric femur” generally indicate cases of this nature. In two in¬ 
stances only do curvatures occur which can be regarded as pathological. They are 
both in the tibia, and may be due to a mild degree of rachitis, although there are 
no signs of this disease on the remaining parts of the skeletons. 

“ Various .”—The only subject requiring particular mention under this head¬ 
ing is the frequently observed asymmetry of the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae. 
This unevenness relates only to the contour of the bodies, not to their vertical 
dimensions. In no case is the particular cause discernible. 



Fig. 1.— Non-deformed craDia from Arkansas: a, b, and c = No. 255.119; d = No. 255.149. 










Fio. 2.—On left, two views of non-deforrned male skull, 255.126, Arkansas. On right, female skull, 255.094, Louisiana, showing senile parietal depressions above the temporal ridges. 




















Fig. 3.—a, b> and c = noil-deformed female skull, 255.095, Louisiana; d = male skull, 255,210, Louisiana, showing moderate fronto-occipital compression. 








Fig. 4 .—x = male skull, 255.115, Louisiana, showing intraauricular exostosis, and also 
a well-marked supraauricular fossa (another seen on Fig. 3 , d); y = male 
skull, 255.106, Louisiana, showing lateral fissures in the basilar process. 




Fig. 5.—255.108, Louisiana, left female humerus, showing a peculiar exostosis at e; 255.138a, 
Arkansas, left male tibia and fibula, showing a synostosis by means of two exostoses. 








Hi 


246 REPORT ON AN ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF SKELETAL 



Fig. 6.—Bones showing healed fractures. 










REMAINS, FROM ARKANSAS AND LOUISIANA. 


247 



Fig. 7.— a .—Right ulna, from female skeleton 255.096, Louisiana, showing lack of union after 
fracture; the two segments form an irregular articulation. 

b. —From male skeleton 255.121, Arkansas, showing old fusion of the metatarsal of the 

right second toe and middle cuneiform. 

c. —Specimen from same skeleton as b; shows old, slightly incomplete fusion of os calcis 

and astragalus. 

d. —From male skeleton 255.140, Arkansas, showing old fusion of right first metatarsal 

with internal and middle cuneiform and scaphoid. 









-1 



















Fig. 9.— a. —Seventh cervical of male skeleton 255.215, Louisiana, showing a defect of fusion of the two parts that 
compose the spinous process. 

b. —Peculiar anomaly of the first dorsal of female skeleton 255.212, Louisiana; there are two well-developed 

articular facets for ribs. 

c. —Fourth lumbar of female skeleton 255.219, Louisiana, with a separation of the posterior part of the neural 

arch ; the articular surfaces between the pedicles and laminae are very rough and irregular. 

d. —Right patella of male skeleton 255.141, Arkansas, showing a large vastus externus notch. 

e. —Fourth lumbar of female skeleton 255.130, Arkansas, showing diseased condition of upper articular surface 

of the body. 

/.—Right astragalus of female skeleton 255.096, Louisiana, showing results of a healed suppurative condition 
about the head. 

g. —Left astragalus of male skeleton 255.138, Arkansas, showing results of disease. 

h. —Left patella of male skeleton 255.201, Louisiana, showing marginal exostoses and arthritic spot on the 

articular surface. 

i. —Right scaphoid and internal cuneiform of female skeleton 255.103, Louisiana, showing an old, nearly 

complete, fusion. 















































REPORT 


^ ON AN 

Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains, 
from Arkansas and Louisiana 


(Made, and presented to the National Museum, in 1909, by Mr. Clarence B. Moore) 


BY 


DR. ALES HRDLICKA 

In charge of the Division of Physical Anthropology, United States National Museum 


REPRINT FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES 
OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLUME XIV. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

P. C. STOCKHAUSEN 


53-55 N. 7th Street 
1909 





















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